ILOSOPHY 


ENCE 


WTttl  CBmBilmeBts  Bf  the  Authnr 


PHILOSOPHY 


AS  A 


SCIENCE 


A  SYNOPSIS 

OF  THE  WRITINGS 

OF 


DR.   PAUL  CARUS 


CONTAINING  AN 
INTRODUCTION 
WRITTEN  BY 
HIMSELF,  SUM- 
MARIES OF  HIS 
BOOKS,  AND  A 
LIST  OF  ARTI- 
CLES TO  DATE. 


CHICAGO 

THE  OPEN  COURT  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
LONDON  AGENTS:   KEGAN  PAUL, 

TRUBNER,    TRENCH     &     CO.,    LTD. 


Copyright  by 

THE  OPEN   COURT  PUBLISHING  CO. 
1909. 


FOREWORD. 

IN  preparing  this  sketch  of  the  philosophy 
with  which  I  have  identified  my  work, 
I  have  found  it  now  and  then  unavoidable 
to  be  more  personal  than  is  my  wont. 
However,  the  use  of  the  pronoun  in  the 
first  person  is  not  meant  as  a  claim,  but 
as  a  limitation.  It  is,  after  all,  neces- 
sary to  let  the  reader  see  in  this  presen- 
tation of  "Philosophy  as  a  Science,"  how 
much  or  how  little  may  be  regarded  as 
assured  scientific  results  which  have  been 
generally  accepted,  and  where  a  personal 
contribution  to  it  still  awaits  the  consensus 
of  the  competent. 

PAUL  CARUS. 


203SSG4 


CONTENTS 

PAG* 

FOREWORD 

INTRODUCTION  1-28 

Age  of  Science i 

Science  and  Scientific  Methods 2 

Form  and  the  Philosophy  of  Form 5 

The  Scope  of  Philosophy 7 

The  Philosophy  of  the  Future 8 

No  Things-in-Themselves  10 

Causality,  The  Law  of  Transformation 1 1 

The  Importance  of  Psychology 12 

The  Doctrine  of  Parallelism 14 

Organization  and  Memory  16 

Memory,  the  Soul  Builder 19 

The  Immortality  Problem 21 

Clearness  and  Mysticism 22 

The  Philosophy  of  Pure  Form 24 

Religion  and  Art 25 

SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS 29-93 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY 29-44 

Monism  and  Meliorism 29 

Fundamental  Problems 29 

Three   Philosophical   Pamphlets 31 

Primer  of  Philosophy 31 

Kant's  Prolegomena  to  Any  Future  Metaphysic. . .  32 

Kant  and  Spencer 33 

The  Surd  of  Metaphysics 34 

The  Soul  of  Man 37 

The  Foundations  of  Mathematics 40 

Whence  and  Whither? 43 

vii 


viii  CONTENTS 


PACK 

ETHICS  AND  RELIGION 44-57 

The  Ethical  Problem 44 

The  Nature  of  the  State 46 

Our  Children 47 

The  Rise  of  Man 49 

Homilies  of  Science 50 

The  Dawn  of  a  New  Religious   Era  and   Other 

Essays  52 

The  Religion  of  Science 53 

The  Idea  of  God 54 

God :  An  Enquiry  and  a  Solution 55 

HISTORY  OF  RELIGION 57-64 

The  History  of  the  Devil 57 

The  Story  of  Samson 59 

The  Bride  of  Christ 61 

GERMAN   LITERATURE    65-68 

Angelus  Silesius   65 

Edward's  Dream   .  66 

Goethe  and  Schiller's  Xenions 66 

Friedrich  Schiller 67 

Goethe,  His  Philosophy  and  Art 68 

BUDDHISM    .68-77 

The  Dharma 68 

The  Gospel  of  Buddha .  60 

Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics .*.".'. 71 

Portfolio  of  Buddhist  Art,  Historical  and  Modern.  T\ 
Stones  of  Buddhism 

(a)  Karma    '.".'.'.  '  7-1 

Karma,  eine  buddhistische  Erzahlung.  German  edi- 

tion  

(b)  Nirvana  ' ' '  '* 

(c)  Amitabha 76 


CONTENTS  ix 


PACK 

CHINESE  SUBJECTS 77-87 

Chinese  Philosophy  77 

Chinese  Thought  79 

Lao-Tze's  Tao  Teh  King 81 

The  Canon  of  Reason  and  Virtue 81 

T'ai-Shang  Kan-Ying  P'ien 83 

Yin  Chih  Wen 84 

Chinese  Life  and  Customs 85 

POETRY  AND  FICTION 87-92 

De  Rerum  Natura 87 

Godward  88 

Sacred  Tunes  for  the  Consecration  of  Life 88 

The  Crown  of  Thorns 89 

Eros  and  Psyche 89 

The  Chief's  Daughter 91 

The  Philosopher's  Martyrdom 92 

SUMMARIES  OF  EDITORIAL  ARTICLES 93-J87 

Publisher's  Note 187 

Index   189 


INTRODUCTION. 


'T'HE  AIM  of  all  my  writings  centers  in      Philosophy 
*     the  endeavor  to  build  up  a  sound  and     an  objective 
tenable  philosophy,  one  that  would  be  as     science, 
objective    as   any   branch    of   the    natural 
sciences.     I  do  not  want  to  propound  a  new 
philosophy  of  my  own  but  to  help  in  work- 
ing out  philosophy  itself,  viz.,  philosophy 
as  a  science ;  and  after  many  years  of  labor 
in  this  field  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion, 
not  only  that  it  is  possible,  but  also  that 
such  a  conception  of  the  world  is  actually 
preparing  itself  in  the  minds  of  men. 

The  old  philosophies  are  constructions  of 
purely  subjective  significance,  while  agnos- 
ticism, tired  of  these  vain  efforts  and  lack- 
ing strength  to  furnish  a  better  solution 
of  the  problem,  claims  that  the  main  tasks 
of  philosophy  cannot  be  accomplished ;  but 
if  science  exists,  there  ought  to  be  also  a 
philosophy  of  science,  for  there  must  be  a  , 

reason  for  the  reliability  of  knowledge. 

Every  success  of  scientific  inquiry,  every     Agnosticism 
progress  of  research  in  the  several  fields     a  failure, 
of  knowledge,  every  new  invention  based 
upon  methodical  experiment,   is  a  refuta- 
tion   of    agnosticism — the    philosophy    of 
nescience — in  so  far  as  these  several  ad- 
vances corroborate  the  reliability  of  science. 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Dawn  of 
the  age 
of 
science. 


Science 
and 

scientific 
methods. 


Mankind  has  become  more  and  more  con- 
vinced of  the  efficiency  of  science,  and  in 
this  sense  the  philosophy  of  science  prevails 
even  now  as  a  still  latent  but  nevertheless 
potent  factor  in  the  life  of  mankind,  mani- 
festing itself  in  innumerable  subconscious 
tendencies  of  the  age.  We  may  confidently 
hope  that  the  future  which  the  present 
generation  is  preparing  will  be  the  age  of 
science. 

IT  MIGHT  seem  redundant  to  ask  the 
1  question,  "What  is  Science  ?"  but  we  will, 
nevertheless,  answer  it  briefly.  Science  is 
not  the  monopoly  of  the  naturalist  or  the 
scholar,  nor  is  it  anything  mysterious  or 
esoteric.  Science  is  the  search  for  truth, 
and  truth  is  the  adequacy  of  a  description 
of  facts.  Science  differs  from  so-called 
common  sense  only  in  this,  that  its  work 
is  done  with  scrupulous  care  according  to 
well-considered  methods  and  under  the 
constant  supervision  of  a  reexamination. 

Science  is  based  upon  observation  and 
experience.  It  starts  with  describing  the 
facts  of  our  experience,  and  complements 
experience  with  experiment.  It  singles  out 
the  essential  features  of  facts,  and  gen- 
eralizes the  result  in  formulas  for  applica- 
tion to  future  experience;  partly,  in  order 
to  predict  coming  events;  partly,  to  bring 
about  desirable  results.  Generalized  state- 


INTRODUCTION. 


ments  of  facts  are  called  truths,  and  our     Philosophy 
stock  of  truths,  knowledge.  of  science 

There  are  always  two  factors  needed  for     an 
establishing    scientific    truth,    indeed,    for     harmonious 
establishing  any  kind  of  knowledge:  they     system, 
are,  first,   sense    experience,  and    second, 
method.     By  method  we  mean  the  function 
of  handling  the  material  furnished  by  sense 
activity,    viz.,    identifying   samenesses   and 
differences,  comparing  various  phenomena, 
i.    e.,    classifying    and    contrasting    them; 
measuring  and  counting  them ;  tracing  the 
succession  of  cause  and  effect,  and  arrang- 
ing the  truths  thus  established  into  an  har- 
monious system. 

DIGHT  HERE  it  will  be  found  neces-     Formal 
*^   sary  to  point  out  the  significance  of     sciences 
the  distinction  between  form  and  substance,     the  organ 
An  evaluation  of  pure  form  will  yield  on     of 
the  one   hand  the  formal   sciences,   arith-     thought, 
metic,  geometry  with  all  other  branches  of 
mathematics,  pure  mechanics,  logic,  and  all 
that  is  kin  to  it ;  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  sciences  that  investigate  concrete  things 
as    well    as    definite    occurrences — physics, 
chemistry,  astronomy,  physiology,  psychol- 
ogy, history,  etc. 

The  philosophy  of  science  uses  the 
formal  sciences  as  the  organ  of  thought, 
and  supplies  to  the  sciences  of  concrete 
phenomena  the  method  of  establishing  truth 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Monism 
and  the 
economy  of 
thought. 


Contrasts 
but  no 
contradiction 
in  the 
Cosmos. 


Truth. 


by  describing  facts  of  the  same  kind  accord- 
ing to  their  characteristic  and  significant 
features  in  general  formulas,  and  to  sys- 
tematize these  formulas  in  a  unitary  world- 
conception,  commonly  called  "Monism." 

The  several  sciences  are  traveling  on  this 
path;  they  have  instinctively  found  the 
right  methods  which  alone  can  be  justified 
before  the  tribunal  of  the  philosophy  of 
science,  and  there  is  nothing  in  the  entire 
domain  of  existence  that  cannot  become  an 
object  of  scientific  investigation. 

Experience  verifies  our  conviction  that 
the  assured  results  of  the  various  sciences, 
the  so-called  scientific  truths,  never  con- 
flict with  each  other;  they  may  form  con- 
trasts but  they  never  contradict  one  another. 
This  indicates  that  the  world  in  which  we 
live  is  a  cosmos,  not  a  chaos. 

By  this  statement  that  the  world  is  a 
cosmos  is  meant  that  its  constitution  is  con- 
sistent in  all  its  details;  it  presents  itself 
to  us  as  a  unitary  system;  and  a  genuine 
truth  (I.  e.,  a  formula  describing  the  gen- 
eral features  of  a  definite  set  of  facts),  if 
once  proved  to  be  true,  will  remain  true 
forever.  We  may  see  old  truths  in  a  new 
light,  we  may  better  and  ever  better  learn 
to  understand  their  significance  and  also  the 
relation  between  several  truths ;  but  a  truth 
will  always  remain  true.  In  other  words, 
the  consistency  of  the  world  is  both  uni- 


INTRODUCTION. 


versal  and  eternal.  What  is  true  here  is 
true  everywhere,  and  what  is  true  now  is 
true  forever. 

J7RNST  MACH  defines  the  character  of 
*"J  science  "as  an  economy  of  thought," 
and  he  is  right ;  but  we  go  one  step  further 
in  showing  why  an  economy  of  thought  is 
possible,  nay,  why  it  is  necessary.  Science 
or  the  economy  of  thought  is  conditioned 
by  the  systematic  character  of  the  formal 
sciences. 

The  distinction  between  form  and  sub-     Philosophy 
stance   is   of   such   paramount   importance     of  Form, 
that  I  feel  inclined  to  characterize  my  con- 
ception of  philosophy  as   "the  philosophy 
of  form." 

All  science  consists  in  describing  forms 
and  tracing  their  changes.  Matter  and 
energy  are  mere  names;  they  are  empty 
words,  denoting  nothing  but  the  objectivity 
of  both  things  and  events.  The  objectivity 
of  things  is  called  "reality"  (i.  e.,  thingish- 
ness),  the  objectivity  of  events,  "actuality," 
which  means  that  something  is  doing,  some- 
thing is  going  on,  there  are  changes  taking 
place.  All  differences  are  ultimately  dif- 
ferences of  form,  and  all  that  we  do  or  try 
to  do,  be  it  in  art,  in  invention,  or  in 
morality,  is  by  molding  and  remolding 
things  as  well  as  ourselves. 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Distinction 
between 
form  and  the 
content  of 
form. 


Significance 

of 

quality. 


The  distinction  between  form  and  the 
contents  of  form  dates  back  to  classical 
antiquity,  to  Aristotle  and  his  school,  but 
the  contrast  has  been  much  misunderstood 
through  a  dualistic  interpretation. 

The  modern  period  in  the  history  of 
philosophy  begins  with  Kant,  and  rightly 
so.  The  reason  of  his  great  preeminence  is 
exactly  due  to  the  fact  that  he  saw  the 
significance  of  the  contrast  between  form 
and  substance,  which,  however,  led  him  to 
the  wrong  conclusion  of  his  "critical 
idealism." 

We  may  look  upon  Schiller  and  Goethe 
(but  especially  the  latter)  as  prophets  of 
the  philosophy  of  form.  In  fact,  the  classi- 
cal period  of  German  civilization  as  charac- 
terized by  the  names  of  these  two  poets, 
together  with  Lessing,  Herder,  Beethoven, 
Mozart,  etc.,  is  to  a  great  extent  due  to 
the  clearness  with  which  these  men  appre- 
ciated the  significance  of  form. 

The  philosophy  of  form  throws  light  also 
on  the  problem  of  the  nature  of  quality. 
There  is  a  common  tendency  in  science  to 
look  upon  its  legitimate  methods  as  being 
limited  to  counting  and  measuring,  and  the 
proposition  has  been  actually  made,  that 
quality  is  a  conception  to  be  discarded  and 
that  ultimately  the  solution  of  all  problems 
will  always  prove  to  be  a  matter  of  quan- 
tities. This  conception  is  an  error,  for  it 


INTRODUCTION. 


overlooks  the  most  significant  factor  of  the 
world,  quality,  which  is  not,  however,  an 
inexplicable  mystery,  for  its  nature  can  be 
satisfactorily  understood  through  the  philos- 
ophy of  form.  See  my  article,  "Significance 
of  Quality,"  Monist,  XV,  375. 


CCIENCE  IS  originally  one  and  undi- 
^  vided  and  serves  the  practical  purpose 
of  guidance  in  life.  When  by  a  division  of 
labor  the  several  sciences  originated,  there 
remained  a  field  which  was  common  to  all 
of  them ;  and  this  field  is  the  domain  of 
the  science  of  the  sciences,  i.  e.,  of  philos- 
ophy. 

The  scope  of  philosophy  is  threefold : 
First,  it  investigates  the  methods  of 
science,  it  explains  their  origin  and  justi- 
fies their  efficiency.  We  may  call  this 
branch  of  philosophy  methodology,  which 
necessarily  includes  a  theory  of  cognition, 
a  description  of  the  nature  of  abstract 
thought  and  of  logic,  and  a  definition  of 
truth. 

Secondly,  philosophy  summarizes  the 
assured  results  of  the  several  sciences  which 
would  be  characteristic  of  existence.  This 
may  be  called  ontology.  In  other  words, 
philosophy  attempts  to  offer  a  description  of 
the  nature  of  being,  i.  e.,  a  world-concep- 
tion, the  essential  part  of  which  must  be 
a  characterization  of  the  soul,  of  our  own 


Scope 

of 

philosophy. 


Methodology 
is  the 

economy  of 
thought. 


8 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Mysticism 

and 

pragmatism. 


Philosophy 

of 

the  future. 


being,  in  its  relation  to  the  entirety  of  the 
whole,  the  universe,  the  All,  or,  religiously 
speaking,  God. 

Thirdly,  philosophy  applies  the  truths 
thus  established  to  practical  life,  a  disci- 
pline which  might  be  called  pragmatology. 
It  includes  man's  endeavors  in  the  line  of 
scientifically  guided  discoveries  and  inven- 
tions, sociology,  political  economy,  educa- 
tion, religion  and  ethics,  i.  e.,  the  so-called 
applied  sciences,  the  arts,  and  the  science 
of  conduct  in  the  broadest  sense  of  the 
word. 

Pragmatology  is  the  purpose  of  all  meth- 
odology and  ontology,  and  so  it  is  the  most 
important  branch  of  philosophy,  but  it 
would  be  wrong  to  limit  philosophy  to  it, 
as  is  done  by  pragmatists.  They  scorn 
theory,  rationalism,  and  any  methodical 
unification  such  as  is  attempted  by  monism, 
and  the  result  is  that  they  lose  themselves 
in  mere  subjectivism.  If  the  most  essential 
element  of  a  philosophy  would  remain  the 
philosopher's  subjective  attitude  constitut- 
ing the  personal  equation  of  his  mode  of 
thinking,  a  philosophy  of  science  would  be 
impossible,  and  philosophy  would  sink  to 
the  level  of  the  poetical  effusions  of 
mysticism. 

The  philosophy  of  science  is  not  the 
affair  of  one  man,  but  is  being  worked  out 
m  the  scientific  development  of  the  race 


INTRODUCTION. 


Most  scientists  adhere  to  it  unconsciously. 
Often  they  employ  scientific  methods  in- 
stinctively ;  they  have  been  trained  in  their 
use  and  rely  on  them  sometimes  without 
having  investigated  their  philosophical  sig- 
nificance, yet  their  reliability  is  not  doubted 
and  the  assured  results  of  the  several 
sciences  affect  the  world-conception  which, 
by  a  kind  of  indefinable  consensus,  consti- 
tutes the  intellectual  atmosphere  of  our 
social  life. 

'"THE   NEW   world-conception,   animated     Meliorism 
*    by  the  spirit  of  science,  shows  itself  in     an(j  tne  age 
the  changes  that  are  wrought  not  only  in     of 
our  views   of  the   importance  of   science,     science, 
but  also  in  practical  affairs,  in  the  nature 
and  administration  of  justice,  in  the  edu- 
cation of  children,  in  our  judgment  con- 
cerning social  as  well  as  international  af- 
fairs, in  the  way  we  consider  the  occurrence 
of  great  disasters,  such  as  earthquakes  or 
volcanic    eruptions,    and    in    many    other 
things.     The   spirit   of   the    Middle   Ages, 
with  its  penal  code  of  barbaric  punishments, 
its  cruelty  in  pedagogy,  its  narrowness  in 
nationalism  and   religion,   retreats   step  by 
step,  while  truer  and  broader  views  that  are 
being  more  and  more  universally  recognized, 
herald   the  advent   of   an   age  of   science. 
The  duty  of  the  philosopher  is  not  to 
produce  an  original  system  of  thought,  but 


10 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Evolution 
of 

scientific 
thought. 


Problems 

wrongly 

formulated. 


to  work  out  a  philosophy  of  objective  reli- 
ability. This  philosophy  is  actually  dawn- 
ing in  the  minds  of  scientific  men,  and 
through  them  in  the  minds  of  all  thinkers, 
finally  destined  to  become  a  power  in  the 
life  of  the  multitudes  of  mankind. 

All  my  literary  work  is  subservient  to 
this,  my  main  purpose,  the  establishment  of 
the  philosophy  of  science,  and  I  endeavor 
to  let  the  heart-pulse  of  the  best  philos- 
ophers and  scientists  of  the  past,  as  well  as 
of  the  present,  beat  in  my  own  thinking. 
I  have  no  desire  to  start  life,  and  with  it 
the  evolution  of  scientific  thought,  de  novo, 
but  wish  to  continue  the  work  of  my  pred- 
ecessors, to  mature  thoughts  that  are  only 
half  understood,  to  systematize  scattered 
ideals  of  the  significance  of  science,  and  to 
render  clearly  visible  the  aim  toward  which 
mankind  is  tending. 


ARE  a  number  of  problems 
which  have  been  either  wrongly  formu- 
lated or  wrongly  answered,  sometimes  even 
absolutely  neglected,  and  I  will  here  call 
attention  to  some  new  solutions  which  I 
have  proposed  in  contrast  to  the  current 
and  apparently  well-established  views.  Al- 
most all  of  them  center  in  an  appreciation 
of  the  significance  of  form. 

A  right  comprehension  of  the  significance 
of  form  disposes  of  the  metaphysical  ques- 


INTRODUCTION. 


ii 


tion,   Are   there   things-in-themselves?     It     No  Things- 
shows  that  things-in-themselves  are  forms     in-them- 
in  themselves,  and  these   forms  in  them-     selves, 
selves  are  by  no  means  unknowable. 

The  philosophy  of  form  helps  us  to  solve 
a  great  number  of  other  problems.  It  leads 
also  to  a  solution  of  the  problem  of  the 
nature  of  God  and  of  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  There  is  a  deeper  and  more  gen- 
eral truth  in  Spenser's  words,  'The  soul  is 
form  and  doth  the  body  make,"  than  the 
poet  himself  was  aware. 

"THE   PHILOSOPHY   of    form   throws      Causality 
*    light  also  on  Causality,  the  problem  of     the  law 
which  was  pointed  out  first  by  Hume  and      of 
taken  up,  but  not  correctly  solved,  by  Kant,     transforma- 
If  we  bear  in  mind  that  causality  is  nothing     tion. 
more  nor  less  than  the  law  of  transforma- 
tion,  we   shall   understand  that   it   simply 
formulates  the  dynamic  aspect  of  what,  in 
a  static  consideration,  is  known  as  "the  law 
of  the  conservation  of  matter  and  energy." 
Many  philosophers  who  do  not  under- 
stand the  nature  of  causation  confuse  the 
terms  "cause"  and  "reason,"  and  speak  of 
"first  cause"    when  they    mean   "ultimate 
reason,"  and  of  "final  cause"  when  they 
mean  "purpose." 

A  cause  is  an  event  which  produces  an 
effect;  a  reason  is  an  explanation  why  a 
certain  cause  (and  with  it  the  whole  class 


12 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Causes  are 
consecutive  ; 
reasons, 
simultaneous, 


Importance 

of 

psychology. 


of  causes  of  the  same  kind)  will,  under 
definite  conditions,  produce  its  own  peculiar 
effect.  Causes  and  effects  constitute  a 
series  of  concatenated  events.  Every  cause 
is  the  effect  of  a  prior  cause,  and  in  its 
turn,  every  effect  is  or  may  be  a  cause 
that  produces  subsequent  effects.  However, 
reasons  are  not  successive,  they  are  simul- 
taneous ;  they  are  more  or  less  general,  and 
we  could  arrange  all  of  them  (supposing 
that  we  were  omniscient)  into  a  system  of 
co-  and  sub-  and  super-ordinated  descrip- 
tions of  facts  (so-called  truths),  which  are 
the  so-called  laws  of  nature. 


of  nature  are  really  one  and 
the  same  throughout  existence,  yet  we 
must  recognize  that  there  are  differences 
of  conditions,  and  we  can  classify  different 
kinds  of  phenomena  according  to  their 
characteristic  features  into  distinct  groups. 
One  of  the  most  obvious  divisions  is  the 
distinction  between  organized  and  unor- 
ganized nature,  the  latter  consisting  of  the 
purely  physical  domains  of  existence,  and 
the  former  comprising  all  the  phenomena 
of  life,  vegetable  and  animal,  reaching  its 
climax  in  the  development  of  humanity. 

If  the  whole  of  existence  is  one,  we  can- 
not look  upon  the  development  of  life,  of 
animation,  of  consciousness  and  of  ration- 
ality as  some  accidental  by-play,  but  on  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


contrary  we  must  regard  soul,  spirit,  mind,      Organization, 
or  whatever  we  may  call  it,  as  the  neces-     an  intrinsic 
sary   outcome   of   the   intrinsic   nature   of     necessity, 
existence. 

Nevertheless,  organized  life  constitutes  a 
domain  of  its  own  and  within  this  domain 
the  group  of  psychical  phenomena  is  again 
a  province  with  distinct  characteristics  of 
its  own,  which  are  absent  in  the  domain  of 
inorganic  nature. 

The  attempts  to  explain  psychology  from     Mental 
physics   or    chemistry  must    therefore  be     phenomena 
futile,  for  the  very  elements  of  psychic  life     contain  the 
(the  significance  of  subjective  states)   are     solution  of 
not  met  with  in  those  fields  where  the  ob-      the  world- 
jective  conditions  alone  (which  are  always     problem, 
matter  in  motion)  are  an  object  of  investi- 
gation, viz.,  in  molar  mechanics,  physics, 
chemistry  and  electricity. 

A  view  of  the  world  based  alone  upon 
physics  and  chemistry,  or  in  general  upon 
the  sciences  of  objective  nature,  will  always 
prove  a  failure,  for  it  will  never  explain 
the  soul.  Thus  we  must  invert  the  prpcess 
and  expect  the  solution  of  the  world  prob- 
lem, not  from  the  lowest  forms  of  existence 
but  from  its  highest  efflorescence.  We  must 
recognize  the  import  of  subjectivity  which, 
though  apparently  absent  in  pure  physics, 
exists  and  reveals  itself  in  the  conscious- 
ness of  man,  the  noblest  product  of  organ- 
ized life. 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Test  of  a 
philosophy. 


Doctrine  of 
parallelism. 


Here  lies  the  paramount  significance  of 
psychology,  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say 
that  the  way  in  which  the  psychological 
problem  is  treated  is  always  the  best  test 
of  a  philosophy. 

IN  PSYCHOLOGY,  the  doctrine  of  paral- 
lelism has  been  generally  accepted,  but 
it  must  not  be  interpreted  in  a  dualistic 
sense.  There  are  not  two  separate  fac- 
tors, the  psychological  and  the  physiolog- 
ical, running  parallel  to  each  other,  but  there 
is  one  reality  which  has  two  aspects — the 
one  being  the  internal  or  subjective,  the 
other,  the  external  or  objective.  The  two 
are  as  inseparable,  and  yet  different,  as  the 
internal  and  the  external  curves  of  a  circle. 
The  character  of  the  subjective  domain 
exhibits  the  phenomena  of  sentiency,  feel- 
ing, awareness,  consciousness  and  self-con- 
cipusness  in  different  degrees,  beginning 
with  the  absolute  zero  of  feeling  and  rising 
up  to  the  concentrated  attention  of  a  ra- 
tional being. 

The  character  of  the  objective  domain  is 
motion,  gravity  and  momentum,  chemical 
reaction  heat,  electricity,  vitalism,  physio- 
logical function  and  the  action  of  premedi- 
tated purpose.  The  inner  aspect  of  sub- 
jectivity always  corresponds  to  the  outer 
aspect  of  objective  events.  Both  form  a 
nt,  and  are  mutually  determined,  or,  prop- 


INTRODUCTION. 


erly  speaking,  they  are  the  same  in  two     Monism 
aspects.    It  is  a  parallelism  of  aspects,  but     explains 
not  a  parallelism  of  two  independent  reali-     parallelism 
ties.  as  one 

The  two  aspects  are  radically  different,     reality,  but 
for  feeling  is  not  motion,  nor  is  motion     two  aspects, 
feeling.     The  soul  is  not  body,  and  the  body 
is  not  soul,  but  they  are  one,  of  which 
the  soul  is  the  inner,  and  the  body,  the 
outer  aspect. 

Such  is  the  doctrine  of  parallelism  in  its 
monistic  interpretation,  which,  however, 
leaves  the  question  of  the  nature  and  origin 
of  consciousness  open,  and  here  I  offer  an 
explanation  which,  briefly  stated,  is  this: 
Every  objectivity  has  its  subjective  aspect, 
and  is  possessed  of  the  potentiality  of  de- 
veloping into  actual  feeling ;  but  the  sub- 
jective interior  of  purely  physical  phenom- 
ena is  not  ensouled  with  anything  like  actual 
feeling  or  awareness,  nor  of  consciousness, 
because  its  inner  commotions  or  subjective 
states  remain  isolated.  Elements  of  sub- 
jectivity, so  long  as  they  remain  isolated, 
are  not  feelings  in  the  proper  sense  of  the 
word.  In  order  to  be  actually  felt,  they 
must  internally  enter  into  an  interrelation 
so  that  one  subjective  element  meets  an- 
other subjective  element;  two  or  several  How 
elements  must  co-operate,  so  as  to  let  one  consciousness 
communicate  with  the  other.  One  feels  is 
while  the  other  is  being  felt,  thus  produc-  built  up. 


i6 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Unity  of 

purpose 

imposes 

unity  of 

psychic 

activities. 


ing  the  possibility  of  an  interaction  between 
several  subjective  states  among  themselves". 
Thereby  alone  can  a  state  of  awareness  re- 
sult, and  this  internal  interaction  of  feelings 
is  possible  only  through  organization. 

This  explanation  tallies  with  facts  estab- 
lished both  by  biology  and  by  physiology, 
for  we  know  that  consciousness  is  always 
associated  with  a  nervous  system  originat- 
ing in  those  organisms  which  are  moving 
about.  Stationary  organisms  have  to  wait 
for  the  satisfaction  of  their  needs,  but  a 
motor-endowed  creature  is  enabled  to  go  in 
search  for  food.  In  this  way  its  organs 
learn  to  cooperate,  and  this  imposes  upon 
them  unity  of  purpose.  The  unity  of  pur- 
pose produces  the  unity  of  the  soul. 

The  characteristic  distinction  of  living  be- 
ings, when  compared  to  physical  phenom- 
ena devoid  of  life,  is  organization,  which,  in 
moving  creatures,  produces  a  coordination 
of  subjective  states.  Vitality  is  not  a  spe- 
cial force  or  substance,  but  solely  the  func- 
tion of  organization,  yet  as  such  it  is  a 
phenomenon  sui  generis  and  different  from 
the  forces  of  physics,  chemistry,  electricity 
or  molar  mechanics. 


Vitality 

and 

organization. 


THE  TYPICAL  feature  of  organization 

*    is  the  constant  change  of  material  which 

takes  place  in  living  substance.     It  is  called 

metabolism,  and  in  animal  substance  con- 


INTRODUCTION. 


sists  of  a  building  up  or  anabolism,  and  a     Forms 
partial  breakdown  of  the  energy  thus  stored     and 
up,  called  catabolism.     Anabolism  is  nutri-      functions, 
tion;  it  changes  food  into  living  substance, 
a  process  called  assimilation.    Catabolism  in 
setting  energy  free,  renders  motion  possible 
and  this  motion  has  under  certain  condi- 
tions  its    subjective   aspect,   which   means 
that  it  is  accompanied  with  feeling. 

The  partial  breakdown  of  living  struc- 
tures called  catabolism  is  not  always  the 
same  but  varies  in  form,  depending  upon 
the  circumstances  under  which  it  takes 
place.  It  is  a  reaction  upon  a  stimulus,  and 
the  reactions  upon  ether  waves  or  light,  air 
waves  or  sound,  upon  chemical  processes 
in  the  nose  and  on  the  tongue,  called  smell 
and  taste,  or  upon  mechanical  impacts, 
called  touch,  are  different  physiologically 
as  well  as  psychically. 

In  other  words,  the   irritation  of  light     Feeling 
produces   one   kind    of   structural    change,     a  product  of 
while  the  irritations  of  sound  and  of  touch      organization. 
cause  other  modifications,  all  of  them  being 
analogous;  the  same  kind  of  cause  corre- 
sponds to  the  same  kind  of  physiological 
function,    and    each    function    possesses    a 
form   of  its   own  and   is   accompanied  by 
a  feeling  peculiar  to  itself. 

Here  the  great  significance  of  form  for 
the  explanation  of  life  and  of  the  soul  be- 
comes manifest.  The  psyche  with  its  men- 


i8 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Preservation       tality,  its  reason,  its  purposes,  its  ideals, 
of  form  and  all  its  religious  and  moral  aspirations 

by  would  not  be  possible,  without  a  preserva- 

organization.       tion  of  form  in  organized  substance. 

The  waste  material  of  a  catabolic  break- 
down (mostly  carbonic  acid)  is  discarded, 
while  through  the  anabolic  process  of  nutri- 
tion the  lost  elements  are  again  restored 
in  the  living  substance,  and  this  is  done  in 
such  a  way  as  to  preserve  the  structure  in 
its  minutest  detail.  Thus  the  modifications 
produced  by  the  reaction  upon  the  several 
stimuli  remain  and  constitute  so-called 
vestigia  or  traces.  In  so  far  as  this  pres- 
ervation of  the  form  of  living  substance 
is  accompanied  by  feeling,  and  as  former 
feelings  can  be  revived  on  the  application 
of  proper  stimuli,  it  is  called  memory. 
Memory,  the  Memory,  as  Hering  has  pointed  out,  is  a 

preservation        property  common  to  all  living  substance ;  it 
of  is  the  indispensable  condition  of  the   de- 

living  forms,  velopment  of  the  soul.  The  differentiation 
of  nerve  activity  into  the  senses,  with  its 
several  modes  of  reacting  upon  the  stimuli 
of  the  outer  world,  is  due  to  a  specialization 
of  the  several  reactions  in  different  spots ; 
and  this  specialization  becomes  permanent 
through  memory,  i.  e.,  a  preservation  of 
the  forms  of  the  several  reactions.  The 
preservation  of  form  is  not  so  enduring  as 
the  conservation  of  matter  and  energy,  but 
it  is  not  less  significant. 


INTRODUCTION. 


'T'HE  MOST  important  service  of  mem- 
*  ory  is  the  part  it  plays  in  building  up 
the  soul.  Memory  creates  the  condition 
which  begets  the  soul  and  then  continues 
to  foster  its  growth  by  adding  and  super- 
adding  new  mental  riches  to  its  capacity. 

First  of  all,  memory  renders  possible 
comparisons  between  the  images  of  past 
impressions  and  new  sensations.  Every 
memory  image  leaves  a  trace  of  its  own, 
and  a  sense-impression  of  the  same  kind 
travels  on  the  same  path  as  its  forerunner 
and  revives  its  memory,  which  results  in  a 
feeling  of  sameness.  The  new  sensation 
fits  into  the  trace  of  the  old  one  and  is 
felt  to  be  of  the  same  kind.  This  feeling 
of  sameness  implies  an  unconscious  act  of 
recognition.  Thereby  the  sense-impression 
gains  meaning;  and  sense-impressions  of 
the  same  kind  come  to  represent  the  ob- 
jects which  cause  them. 

Here  we  have  the  principle  from  which 
we  derive  the  explanation  of  the  soul,  for 
the  soul  consists  of  feelings  which  have 
become  representative  of  things,  conditions, 
experiences,  etc.  In  order  to  solve  the 
problem  of  the  origin  of  the  soul  we  must 
show  how  sentiency  acquires  significance. 
Certain  feelings  come  to  stand  for  certain 
objects.  They  represent  them.  The  living 
ideas  of  a  man  are  sentiments  freighted 


Memory 

the 

soul-builder. 


Recognition 
of 

sameness 
makes 

feelings  rep- 
resentative. 


20 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


The  soul  with  meaning  and  the  soul  is  a  system  of 

is  a  system         sentient  symbols. 

of  This  solution  looks  very  simple  and  it  is 

sentient  simple,  indeed ;  but  how  grand  and  infinitely 

symbols.  complicated    are    the    corollaries    implied! 

Consider  that  a  symbol,  a  form  endowed 
with  meaning,  is  what  it  is  by  its  relation  to 
an  objective  reality,  which  may  be  a  concrete 
object,  a  condition  or  a  general  feature  of 
many  objects,  or  a  universal  truth.  There 
are  false  symbols  and  there  are  true  sym- 
bols, and  these  symbols  are  not  merely  pic- 
tures of  actualities,  but  also  of  aims,  of 
aspirations,  of  ends  to  be  attained.  They 
have  a  pragmatic  tendency.  They  possess 
moral  or  religious  values  and  these  valued 
may  be  true  or  false.  They  lead  in  the 
right  or  in  the  wrong  direction;  they  may 
be  in  agreement  with  the  constitution  of 
the  All,  or  they  may  be,  as  it  were,  out 
of  tune.  They  may  be  more  or  less  an 
incarnation  of  the  world-order  which  sways 
not  only  stars  and  motes,  but  also  guides 
the  thoughts  and  sentiments  of  man. 
The  test  Here  we  have  the  test  of  progress.  Prog- 

of  ress  is  not,  as  Spencer  says,  "a  passage  from 

progress.  the^homogeneous  to  a  heterogeneous  state," 

it  is  the  realization  of  truth.  Progress 
means  growth  of  soul,  and  growth  of  soul 
means  growth  of  truth.  The  more  clearly, 
correctly  and  completely  truth  is  mirrored 


INTRODUCTION. 


21 


in  a  man,  the  higher  he  ranges  in  the  scale 
of  evolution. 

In  a  certain  sense  all  nature  can  be  called 
alive;  everywhere  things  are  active  and 
they  carry  the  source  of  their  activity  in 
them ;  but  in  the  narrower  sense  we  mean 
by  "life"  the  phenomena  only  of  organized 
nature,  the  typical  feature  of  which  is 
metabolism.  When  metabolism  is  arrested 
organized  life  ceases,  and  the  body  which 
it  had  built  up  will  be  disorganized,  i.  e., 
it  will  be  left  to  the  play  of  physical  forces 
alone,  a  state  which  is  called  death. 


LJERE  WE  feel  tempted  to  enter  into  a 
*  *•  discussion  of  the  problem  of  immor- 
tality, which  is  of  great  importance  for 
ethics  and  religion.  But  it  would  take  too 
much  space.  We  will  only  say  that  man's 
life,  being  a  fragment  only  of  a  larger  de- 
velopment, every  individual  instinctively 
feels  the  need  of  looking  beyond  the  grave. 

We  have  not  of  ourselves  become  what 
we  are  and  our  interests  are  not  limited  to 
the  brief  span  of  our  lives.  We  have  a  pur- 
pose that  lies  beyond  the  grave  and  this 
truth  has  in  all  religions  found  an  appro- 
priate expression  in  the  belief  in  immor- 
tality. 

Though  many  erroneous  notions  are  con- 
nected with  the  several  views  of  the  soul 
and  its  continued  existence  after  death, 


Death. 


Problem  of 
immortality. 


Again  the 
significance 
of 
form. 


22 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


there  is  a  great  underlying  truth  in  the  be- 
lief in  immortality  which  can  be  explained 
scientifically  as  a  preservation  of  form. 

Kant  and  /CONSIDERING  the  fact  that  our  very 

clearness  souls  are  form  and  that  all  we  do  in 

of  thought.         life  is  forming  and  being  formed,  we  shall 

be  impressed  again  with  the  importance  of 

form. 

There  is  no  genuine  philosophy  which 
has  not  first  investigated  the  nature  of  form 
and  worked  a  way  out  into  clearness  con- 
cerning its  significance.  The  many  failures 
of  abortive  philosophies  are  mainly  due  to 
the  fact  that  there  are  thinkers  of  ability 
who  persistently  ignore  the  lessons  of  the 
past,  and,  above  all,  scorn  to  learn  from 
Kant.  A  philosophy  of  science  is  not 
otherwise  attainable  than  through  clearness 
of  thought. 

What  might  stand  in  the  way  of  a  ready 
acceptance  of  the  philosophy  of  form  does 
not  lie  in  the  difficulties  or  intricacies  that 
beset  its  issues,  for,  on  the  contrary,  the  so- 
lutions thus  offered  recommend  themselves 
by  their  simplicity.  Indeed  the  simplicity 
of  the  solution  is  almost  puzzling  and  it  is 
disappointing  to  those  who  take  delight  in 
the  obscure  hazes  of  occult  explanations. 

Man  naturally  has  a  hankering  after 
mysticism;  he  loves  the  chiaroscuro  of  the 
inexplicable  and  is  disappointed  if  a  cher- 


INTRODUCTION. 


ished    self-mystification    is    dispelled   by   a     Mysticism 
rational   explanation.     There   are   philoso-     attractive 
phers  who  gain  great  popularity  by  a  shal-     to  hazy 
low  obscurity.    Their  views,  which  are  like     thinkers, 
mud   puddles  through   which   every   street 
urchin  can  wade  without  danger  of  going 
beyond    his    depth,    acquire    through   their 
very  confusion,  the  appearance  of  an  un- 
fathomable profundity  in  the  sight  of  the 
admiring  public.     This  kind  of  philosophy 
suits  the  superficial  man  who  does  not  care 
for  scientific  accuracy  and  is  satisfied  with 
the  counterfeit  of  depth — an  intricate  and 
bewildering  confusion  of  thought  which  pre- 
vents a  clear  vision  to  the  bottom  of  things. 
The  difficulties  of  the  philosophy  of  form 
which    originate    through    a    necessity    of 
studying  the  nature  of   form  and   formal 
thought,  are  as  great  as  the  difficulties  of 
studying    mathematics    or    logic,    but    no 
greater,  and  they  are  overcome  by  a  pains- 
taking exactness.     There  is,  however,  an- 
other difficulty  which  is  a  matter  of  attitude 
or  judgment.     We  are  apt  to  underrate  a 
simple  solution.    It  is  not  easy  to  estimate      Simplicity 
the  enormous  depth  of  a  clear  Alpine  lake,     like  an 
the  bottom  of  which  lies  under  us  and  is     Alpine  lake, 
contemplated  as  through  a  magnifying  glass. 
So    it  seems    to  those  who    first  become 
acquainted  with  the  idea  of  pure  form  that, 
on  account  of  its  crystal   clearness,  it  is 
sheer  nothing,  without  depth,  without  mean- 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


ing,  and  without  efficiency.  And  yet  what 
a  wealth  of  applications,  of  possibilities,  of 
inexhaustible  potentialities!  What  looks 
shallow  at  first  sight  is  in  truth  possessed 
of  an  unfathomable  profundity. 

Pure  forms  It  takes  a  Plato  to  understand  that  pure 

are  forms  are  eternal  types,  and  that  the  entire 

eternal  types.  system  of  all  formal  thoughts  (or,  to  use 
a  Platonic  expression,  of  the  Logoi)  con- 
stitutes a  divinity  which  Philo  called  "the 
Logos."  This  Logos  conditions  the  cosmic 
order  and  creates  and  governs  the  universe. 
Pure  form  looks  like  a  nonentity,  and  yet 
the  laws  of  pure  form  are  the  factors  that 
determine  existence  in  all  its  details.  Pure 
forms  are  superreal.  The  truth  that  all 
bodily  existence  is  transient  and  that  it 
cannot  be  other  than  transient,  is  apparent. 
On  the  other  hand,  that  those  norms  (the 
purely  formal  conditions)  which  constitute 
the  laws  of  nature  are  wonderful  presences, 
or  better,  omnipresences  and  eternalities  of 
an  unfailing  efficiency  and  full  of  deep  sig- 
nificance, is  easily  understood  but  not  so 
easily  appreciated.  We  are  too  apt  to  think 
The  of  pure  form  as  non-existent  because  it  is 

philosophy  not  made  of  matter.  Nevertheless  pure 
of  pure  form  form  is  of  paramount  importance  and  we 
the  key  to  must  comprehend  its  significance  for  our 

all  problems        interpretation  of  existence. 
of  The  philosophy  of  pure  form  gives  us 

existence.  the  key  by  which  we  can  unlock  all  the 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

problems  of  existence,  at  least  in  theory, 
and  in  cases  of  practical  investigation  it 
suggests  the  method  by  which  truth  is  to 
be  attained. 

A  PHILOSOPHER  must  not  be  a  one-  Religion 
•**  sided  intellectualist.  He  must  bear  in  and  Art. 
mind  that  the  noetic  operations  of  man's 
mind  are  only  one  feature  of  his  life ;  man 
is  also  endowed  with  sentiment  and  above 
all  he  is  an  actor,  a  doer,  a  worker.  Man 
is  a  struggling  creature  who  must  make  a 
living ;  he  is  not  a  mere  thinker,  his  thoughts 
serve  the  purpose  of  life;  they  must  be 
applied  to  the  tasks  which  he  has  to  accom- 
plish. Besides,  he  delights  in  giving  ex- 
pression to  his  sentiments  by  depicting  in 
poetry  and  in  art  the  motives  that  sway  his 
soul.  It  would  be  a  serious  defect  in  a 
philosophy  if  it  attempted  to  be  purely  in- 
tellectual and  ignored  religion,  literature, 
the  arts  and  music.  We  must  cultivate  all 
the  human  aspirations  that  constitute  the 
fullness  of  man's  worth,  the  faculties  of 
the  head,  the  heart  and  the  hand. 

Religion    covers    practically    the    same     Religion 
ground  as  philosophy  and  is  in  many  re-     and 
spects  even  to  be  considered  its  rival.   Like      Philosophy, 
philosophy,  every  religion  offers  a  world- 
conception  and  applies  it  to  practical  "life, 
but  while  in  religion,  sentiment  is  for  the 


26 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Study  of 
comparative 
religions 
an  important 
branch  of 
philosophy. 


Radical, 

yet 

conservative. 


most  part  the  dominant  power,  the  ultimate 
criterion  of  philosophy  is  the  intellect. 

The  several  religions  are  philosophies  of 
continuous  historical  movements,  while 
philosophies  might  be  regarded  as  the  re- 
ligions of  individual  thinkers.  Every  re- 
ligion is  built  up  of  the  thoughts  of  many 
thinkers  as  they  were  understood  by  the 
people.  Those  notions  that  appealed  to  the 
multitudes  in  one  way  or  another  survived 
and  hardened  into  creeds  which  operate 
with  an  unquestioning  directness  as  do  the 
instincts  in  the  minds  of  animals.  An  ap- 
preciation of  religious  sentiments,  there- 
fore, together  with  the  history  of  religion, 
especially  of  Christianity  and  of  compara- 
tive religion,  is  a  highly  important  branch 
of  philosophy. 

The  correct  method  of  treating  religion 
(so  far  as  I  can  see)  would  be  a  combina- 
tion of  the  two  opposed  principles,  radi- 
calism and  conservatism.  I  would  rigidly 
and  fearlessly  apply  scientific  methods  to 
religious  doctrines,  but  while  it  can  be  fore- 
seen that  this  will  destroy  a  belief  in  the 
letter  of  dogmas,  I  propose  at  the  same 
time  to  search  for  and  hold  fast  to  the 
spirit  of  religion  which  is  the  truth  con- 
tained in  the  several  religious  doctrines. 
Error  should  be  fearlessly  pointed  out  and 
discarded. 

Dogmas  are  symbols  and  the  essential 


INTRODUCTION. 


27 


feature  of  a  symbol  is  the  meaning  which     Dogmas 
it  conveys.    We  may  be  able  to  forego  the     and 
belief  in  the  letter,  but  we  must  not  lose     moral 
the  spirit;  we  shall  probably  be  compelled     conviction, 
to  surrender  our  religious  dogmas,  but  we 
shall  need  their  significance.    We  must  pre- 
serve the  seriousness  of  moral  conviction 
and  the  faithfulness  in  the  performance  of 
duty,  which  has  been  insisted  upon  by  all 

religions. 

*  *        * 

Nor  should  art  be  neglected,  for  art,  not     Art  reflects 
unlike    religion,    is    a    powerful    factor    in     the 
man's  spiritual  life.    Art  is  possessed  of  a      world-con- 
deep    significance,  for  every    piece  of  art     ception  of 
reflects  the  mind  of  the  artist  and  with  it     the  times, 
his  world-conception.    There  is  no  painting, 
no  statue,  no  poem,  no  song,  no  symphony, 
which  has  not  back  of  it  a  sentiment  of  the 
All,  a  cosmology,  and  in  this  sense  it  may 
be  said  that  all  art  is  the  expression  of  a 
philosophy. 

The  philosophy  of  science  must  encom- 
pass the  entire  man  with  all  his  aspirations, 
and  in  consideration  of  it  we  should  not 
only  cultivate  the  taste  for  art,  but  also 
bear  in  mind  its  philosophical  significance. 

*  *        * 

The  best  evidence  that  the  scientific  spirit  Science 

pervades  the  atmosphere  of  the  present  age  and 

can  be  seen  in  the  influence  which  science  Religion, 
exercises  on  religion.    There  it  appears  as 


28 


PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


Evidences  Biblical  Research  (sometimes  called  Higher 

of  the  Criticism),  in  the  study  of  the  history  of 

purification         Christianity  and  of  other  faiths,  and  in  a 
of  the  philosophical  purification  and  deepening  of 

God-idea.  the  God-idea,  and  it  is  no  accident  that  I 

have  felt  constrained  to  do  much  work  in 
all  these  fields.  A  sympathetic  reader  of 
my  books  will  find  that  in  spite  of  the  great 
variety  of  subjects  which  I  have  treated,  all 
my  works  constitute  an  organic  whole  and 
are  subordinate  to  a  general  plan  which 
attempts  to  awaken  the  unconscious  in- 
stincts of  scientific  inquiry  and  to  organize 
them  into  a  consciously  apprehended  and 
clear  conception  of  their  unity,  which  is 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  THE  PHILOSO- 
PHY OF  SCIENCE. 

PAUL  CARUS. 
*        *        * 

On  several  occasions  Dr.  Carus  has  made 
summaries  of  the  tendency  and  scope  of  his 
work.  One  was  published  under  the  title,  "Salu- 
tatory," in  the  January  number  of  The  Open 
Court  for  1897  (vol.  XI),  another  under  the 
title,  'A  Retrospect  and  a  Prospect,"  in  the 
January  number  of  The  Open  Court  for  1907 
(vol.  XXI),  republished  as  an  introduction  to 
Twenty  Years  of  the  Open  Court.  Another 
similarly  comprehensive  statement  appears  in 
the  Introduction  to  Sacred  Tunes  for  the  Con- 
secration of  Life.  The  latest  one  is  the  Intro 
duction  to  this  book,  pp.  1-28. 


SUMMARIES   OF   BOOKS 

By 
DR.    PAUL   CARUS 

i.    PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOL- 
OGY. 

JV/IONISM  AND  MELIORISM.    Pages, 
"*  83.     Paper,  50  cents  (2s.  6d.). 

A  Philosophical  Essay  on  Causality  and      A 
Ethics,    which   Dr.    Carus   published    soon      preliminary 
after  his  arrival  in  the  United  States,  and      statement, 
before   he    was   called   to   take   charge   of 
The  Open  Court*    It  plainly  foreshadows 
his  views,  which  are  more  fully  expressed 
in  later  publications. 

FUNDAMENTAL  PROBLEMS.  Third 

*     edition,   enlarged   and   revised.     Pages, 
xii,  373.     Cloth,  $1.50  (7s.  6d.). 

The  Method  of  Philosophy  as  a  Syste-     A 
matic  Arrangement  of  Knowledge.      This     controversial 
book  is  a  popular  treatment  of  philosophical      treatment, 
topics,  and  among  them  the  most  important 
is  Form  and  Formal  Thought,  pointing  out 
the    contrast  between    sensation  and  pure 


29 


30  SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 

reason,  matter  and  the  inter-relation  of  its 
component  parts.  It  lays  the  foundation 
for  a  comprehension  of  the  significance  of 
Form;  the  arrangement  of  the  order  of 
nature,  the  laws  of  nature  and  all  that  is 
implied  thereby,  the  nature  of  spirit,  of 
ethics,  of  ideals,  of  art,  and  also  of  causa- 
tion in  general.  Dr.  Carus  has  charac- 
terized his  position  in  a  motto  on  the  title 
The  motto.  page  as  follows: 

"Not  agnosticism  but  positive  Science, 

Not  mysticism  but  clear  thought, 
Neither  supernaturalism  nor  materialism 
But  a  unitary  conception  of  the  world ; 
Not  dogma  but  Religion, 

Not  creed  but  faith." 
Many  of  these  articles  are  discussions 
which  took  place  in  The  Open  Court,  and 
the  appendix  contains  replies  to  critics  of 
different  schools,  among  them  agnostics, 
dogmatists,  mystics,  materialists,  and 
others. 

"Reverent,  elevated,  and  comprehensive.  .  . 
The  book  is  of  most  excellent  spirit  and  of 
great  ability."— Public  Opinion. 

"A  good  introduction  to  the  study  of  formal 
philosophy."—  The  Scotsman,  Edinburgh. 

Free  from  .  "Dr-  Carus  takes  seriously  one's  duty  of  striv- 

prejudice  Sg  after   clea.r»    sane'    true   and   vital    thinking. 

He  seems  to  be  singularly  free  from  prejudice. 
Jtte  has  not  that  itch  for  originality  which  is  the 
ane  of  too  many  other  system-makers."— Chi- 
cago Record-Herald. 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


THREE  PHILOSOPHICAL  PAMPH- 

1  LETS,  (a)  The  Philosophy  of  the 
Tool.  10  cents  (6d.).  (b)  Our  Need  of 
Philosophy.  5  cents  (3  d.).  (c)  Science 
a  Religious  Revelation.  5  cents  (3d.). 
Three  lectures  delivered  at  Chicago  in 
the  memorable  year  (1893)  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  before  the  Congress 
of  Education,  the  Congress  of  Philosophy 
and  the  Parliament  of  Religion. 


OF    PHILOSOPHY.    Third 
Pages,  vi,  242.    Cloth,  $1.00 


PRIMER 

edition. 

(SO- 

A  systematic  exposition  of  a  philosophy 
of  science  based  upon  critically  sifted  ex- 
perience. Dr.  Carus  builds  up  his  philoso- 
phy upon  facts.  He  rejects  axioms  of  any 
kind,  even  in  mathematics.  He  derives  the 
principles  from  which  he  builds  up  the 
formal  sciences  (mathematics,  logic,  etc.) 
from  experience;  discusses  the  nature  of 
causation,  the  prevalent  confusion  of  the 
notions,  cause  and  reason,  the  problems  of 
teleology  and  free  will,  the  nature  of  the 
human  mind,  perceptions,  generalizations, 
ideas,  and  the  continued  preservation  of 
ideas  from  generation  to  generation,  closing 
with  a  discussion  of  the  religious  problem. 

"Combines  scholarship  and  original  thought 
with  an  accurate  and  popular  style  of  writing, 
and  the  result  is  a  fascinating  work  upon  what 


Appeals  in 

brief 

form. 


A  systematic 
survey. 


Press 
notices. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Recommended 
to  the 
Orthodox. 


most    people    consider    an    unusually    dry    sub- 
ject." —  American  Israelite. 

"This  volume,  by  one  of  the  deepest  thinkers 
and  clearest  writers  of  the  age,  is  worthy  of 
careful  consideration  even  by  the  most  con- 
servatively orthodox  in  religion  and  philosophy." 
—  Cumberland  Presbyterian. 

"The  handiest  and  most  educative,  the  best 
and  brightest  discussion  of  such  problems  as 
vex  the  souls  of  philosophers,  accessible  to 
English  readers."  —  Amos  Waters,  in  Watts' 
Literary  Guide. 

"This  little  book  is  the  most  readable  and 
lucid  presentation  of  a  system  of  philosophy 
that  I  have  ever  read."  —  Paper  and  Press. 

"While  not  expressly  designed  for  the  in- 
struction of  beginners  in  philosophy,  its  text 
is  divested  of  much  of  that  abstract  scientific 
nomenclature  so  puzzling  to  the  uninitiated, 
while  the  subject  is  presented  with  such  sim- 
plicity that  its  leading  idea  is  gathered  at  a 
glance."  —  Harrisburg  Telegram. 

"The  Primer  of  Philosophy  is  the  very  best, 
if  not  the  only  work,  in  which  men  and  women 
of  the  world,  as  well  as  scholars,  will  be  able 
to  find  a  rational,  correct  and  clear  explanation 
of  the  words  and  basic  principles  of  philosophy. 
It  really  deserves  its  title."  —  Waco  Evening 
News. 


An  important 
classic  trans- 
lated and 
explained. 


I/  ANT'S  PROLEGOMENA  TO  ANY 
1X  FUTURE  METAPHYSIC.  Pages, 
301.  Cloth,  75  cents,  net  (35.  6d.,  net). 

Convinced  of  the  significance  of  Kant's 
Prolegomena,  Dr.  Carus  offers  a  new  trans- 
lation of  this  most  important  Kantian 
pamphlet,  which  is  practically  an  explana- 
tion of  Kant's  philosophy  by  Kant  himself, 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY.  33 

setting  forth  in  plain  and  most  uncon- 
ventional language  the  intention  of  his 
Critique  of  Pure  Reason. 

Dr.  Cams  believes  that  Kant  has  for-  Criticism 
mulated  the  problem  of  philosophy  cor-  of  Kant, 
rectly,  but  that  he  has  not  succeeded  with 
its  solution.  Pointing  out  the  errors  of 
Kant,  which  consist  in  the  looseness  of  the 
use  of  certain  terms,  especially  the  words 
"experience"  and  "ideal,"  Dr.  Carus  builds 
up  a  foundation  for  the  philosophy  of 
science  by  demonstrating  how  the  formal 
sciences  enable  us  to  solve  the  problems 
of  objective  reality. 

"I  am  very  much  pleased  with  Kanfs  Prole-  Opinions. 
gomena,  and  shall  make  use  of  the  book  with  a 
class  of  about  sixty  students  some  time  after 
Easter.  It  is,  by  all  odds,  the  best  book  through 
which  to  appreciate  Kant's  system." — George 
Duncan,  Professor  in  Yale  University. 

"A  new  translation  which  has  some  advan- 
tages of  lucidity  over  the  older  English  versions 
made  when  Kant's  hard  terminology  had  been 
less  thoroughly  mastered  by  scholars  than  it  now 
is.  ...  It  forms  an  admirable  introduction 
to  the  writings  of  the  founder  of  modern  tran- 
scendentalism, and  will  prove  welcome  to  stu- 
dents on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic." — The  Scots- 
man. 

l£ANT  AND  SPENCER.  Pages,  101. 
**•  Cloth,  50  cents,  net  (23.  6d.,  net). 

A  study  of  the  Fallacies  of  Agnosticism. 
CONTENTS:  (i)  The  Ethics  of  Kant;  (2) 


34 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Philosophy         Karit  on  Evolution ;  (3)  Mr.  Spencer's  Ag- 

of  science  vs.      nosticism ;    (4)    Reply    to    Mr.    Spencer's 

the  philoso-        Comment.    Herbert  Spencer  strangely  mis- 

phy  of  interpreted   Kant  and   distorted   his   views 

nescience.  beyond  recognition.    The  present  book  is  a 

vindication    of    Kant   and    a    criticism    of 

Spencer's   philosophy,    as   well   as   of   the 

theory  of  agnosticism  in  general. 

Incidentally  we  learn  something  about 
the  history  of  the  doctrine  of  evolution, 
which  is  here  briefly  recapitulated,  and  we 
have  to  grant  that  Kant  was  a  better  evo- 
lutionist than  Spencer. 

Opinions.  "Pr-  Carus  certainly  convicts  Mr.  Spencer  of 

failing  to  understand  Kant,  and  makes  a  posi- 
tive contribution  to  the  broader  understanding 
of  Kant's  doctrine  of  evolution,  as  well  as  to 
his  general  philosophical  significance." — Presby- 
terian and  Reformed  Review. 

"The  reader  will  find  something  helpful  toward 
the  understanding  of  Kant  in  this  little  volume. 
Dr.  Carus  is  a  writer  who  is  always  interesting, 
because  he  knows  what  he  wants  to  say  and 
how  to  say  it  most  directly  and  plainly."— Ex- 
change. 

THE     SURD     OF     METAPHYSICS. 
Pages,  vi,  233.     75  cents,  net  (35.  6d., 
net). 

An  inquiry  into  the  question  Are  There 
Things-In-Themselves?  This  book  is  not 
metaphysical  but  antimetaphysical.  The 
idea  that  science  and  philosophy  are 
contrasts  still  prevails  in  many  circles, 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


35 


even  among  advanced  thinkers,  and  the  The  surd 
claim  is  frequently  made  that  philosophy  in 
leaves  a  surd,  some  irreducible  element  philosophy, 
analogous  to  the  irrational  in  mathe- 
matics. Dr.  Carus  stands  for  the  oppo- 
site view.  He  believes  in  the  efficiency 
of  science  and  to  him  the  true  philosophy 
is  the  philosophy  of  science.  Now,  it  is 
true  that  certain  methods  of  logic  are  in- 
sufficient to  reduce  our  experiences  to 
rational  concepts,  and  science  in  general  is 
limited  in  its  various  branches  to  the  meth- 
ods employed,  but  there  is  no  need  of  as- 
suming, for  that  reason,  that  the  surd  in 
the  intellectual  realm  possesses  any  real 
objective  value,  and  would  render  philos- 
ophy ultimately  metaphysical  or  mystical. 

The  present  volume  investigates  the  na-     There  are  no 
ture  of  this  surd  of  metaphysics,  which  so      "thino's-in- 
far  has  proved  the  greatest  stumbling  block     themselves." 
of  philosophy  to  scientists.     It  looms  up  in 
Kant's  philosophy  as  the  "thing-in-itself," 
and  is  still  adhered  to  in   some  form  or 
another  by  many  prominent  thinkers  of  the 
present  day.     The  author's  intention  is  to 
establish  philosophy  as  a  science,  and  so  he 
endeavors  to  make  it  the   science  of  the 
sciences.     He  discusses  in  the  present  vol- 
ume the  significance  which  this  mysterious 
element  has  played  in  the  realm  of  thought, 
and  propounds  his  own  views  in  contradic- 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


tion  to  those  of  Deussen,  Jodl,  Mach  and 
Max  Miiller. 

The  aim  of  the  book  is  to  purge  philoso- 
phy of  the  surd  which  clung  to  it  in  the 
days  of  metaphysicism  and  prevented  its 
development  into  a  philosophy  of  science. 
The  need  of  this  change  was  felt  even  a 
century  ago  by  the  prophetic  poet,  Friedrich 
Schiller,  who,  though  an  admirer  of  Kant, 
was  impressed  with  the  redundancy  of  the 
"thing-in-itself"  in  philosophy,  and  so  he 
wrote  the  following  satirical  distich : 

A  verse  "Since  Metaphysics  of  late 

from  Without  heirs  to  her  fathers  was  gath- 

Schiller.  ered, 

Here  at  the  auctioneer's  are 
Things-in-themselves'  to  be  sold." 

Opinions.  "Filled   with   clear,   wholesome,   strong,   intel- 

lectual food." — Unity. 

"A  well-prepared  work  for  the  student  of 
philosophy.  The  logic,  in  the  main,  is  strong 
and  convincing,  and  Dr.  Carus's  views  are  ably 
presented  and  defended."— Bookseller,  News- 
dealer and  Stationer. 

"Dr.  Carus  stands  for  man's  deliberate  cor- 
respondence with  the  forces  of  evolution,  and 
sees  in  his  creative  power,  his  practical  achieve- 
ments, his  addition  to  usable  thought,  and  in  his 
hands  work,  his  true  significance."— Chicago 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


37 


"THE  SOUL  OF  MAN.  An  investiga- 
^  tion  of  the  Facts  of  Physiological  and 
Experimental  Psychology.  Third  edition. 
With  an  Appendix  on  the  latest  researches 
in  Physiology.  182  diagrams.  Pages, 
xviii,  482.  Price,  cloth,  $1.50,  net  (6s., 
net). 

This  is  a  popular  exposition  of  psychol- 
ogy, treating  first  the  philosophical  prob- 
lems of  the  origin  of  mind,  and  the  rise  of 
organized  life,  together  with  kindred  topics, 
the  question  of  vitalism,  feeling  and  mo- 
tion, the  nature  of  memory,  etc.  It  then 
discusses  the  physiology  of  brain-activity 
from  the  standpoint  of  evolution,  as  well 
as  comparative  anatomy.  This  part  of  the 
book  is  fully  illustrated,  and  affords  an 
opportunity  for  a  layman  to  acquire  an 
insight  into  the  physiology  of  both  animal 
and  human  brain  functions  in  their  rela- 
tion to  psychical  processes. 

Of  especial  interest  may  be  considered 
the  chapter  on  the  "Immortality  of  the 
Race  and  the  Data  of  Propagation."  It 
contains  a  new  hypothesis  of  sex-forma- 
tion. Certain  observations  favor  the  theory 
that  each  sex  has  the  tendency  to  produce 
its  opposite,  and  it  seems  that  if  the  male 
preponderates,  the  result  will  be  female,  and 
vice  versa.  For  instance,  the  unfertilized 
queen  bee  produces  drones,  but  it  takes 
fertilization  by  a  drone  to  produce  a  queen. 


Origin  and 
nature  of 
the  soul. 


Physiology 
popularized. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Organization 

and 

feeling. 


TJie  rest  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  spe- 
cifically psychological  chapters,  including 
the  discussion  of  facts  of  modern  psychol- 
ogy, such  as  double  personality,  hypnotism 
and  its  dangers,  dreams  and  hallucinations, 
suggestions,  etc. 

The  reader  will  be  interested  in  Dr. 
Carus's  theory  that  feeling  and  conscious- 
ness originate  by  organization.  All  exist- 
ence possesses  a  subjective  and  an  object- 
ive, i.  e.,  an  inner  and  an  outer  aspect ;  but 
so  long  as  the  subjectivity  of  every  atom 
remains  isolated  (as  is  the  case  in  the  purely 
physical  world),  it  cannot  develop  into 
actual  feeling.  Organization  makes  it  possi- 
ble that  several  functions  of  subjectivity  can 
communicate,  and  thus  organized  life  in 
its  lowest  stages,  even  in  plants,  produces 
irritability;  further,  animal  life  through  the 
mechanism  of  a  nervous  system  (which  is 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  an  organ  for 
coordinating  the  intercommunicating  func- 
tions of  subjectivity),  yields  that  wonderful 
phenomenon  of  feeling. 

Dim  feelings  become  clear  by  being  com- 
pared to  former  feelings.  Poorly  intercon- 
nected irritations  remain  subliminal  and 
develop  into  consciousness  only  by  coordi- 
nation. Briefly  stated,  feelings  become 
conscious  by  being  felt,  and  a  higher  con- 
sciousness is  a  concentration  of  feelings 
through  attention. 


Subjective 
states  inter- 
connected. 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


39 


Pleasure 
and  pain. 


A  step  further  in  the  origin  of  mind  is 
made  when  feelings  become  representative, 
i.  e.,  when  they  acquire  meaning  and  when 
sense  impressions  denote  the  presence  of 
objects. 

Dr.  Carus  further  propounds  a  new 
theory  of  the  nature  of  pleasure  and  pain, 
rejecting  the  old  notion  that  pleasure  is 
identical  with  growth,  and  pain  with  decay. 
Pleasure  is  the  satisfaction  of  a  want  or  a 
craving,  while  pain  is  due  to  a  disturbance. 
Thus  even  growth  (being  a  disturbance)  is 
no  uncommon  cause  of  pain.  (Cf.  also  his 
article  in  the  Monist,  VI,  432.) 

The  physiologist's  attention  is  called  to 
Dr.  Carus's  theory  of  the  physiological  con- 
ditions of  consciousness.  Dr.  Carus  claims 
that  the  cortex  is  not  (as  is  the  current 
view)  the  seat  of  consciousness,  but  a  store- 
house of  memories.  It  is  the  seat  of  intelli- 
gence, whose  functions  may  or  may  not  be 
accompanied  with  consciousness.  Conscious- 
ness, the  function  of  apprehension,  is  due  to 
a  concentration  of  feeling  upon  a  thought, 
and  there  are  reasons  to  believe  that  the 
organ  of  concentrating  attention  must  be 
sought  in  the  striate  body  of  the  mid-brain. 

The  conclusion  of  the  book  is  devoted  to 
ethical  and  religious  problems,  such  as  free- 
dom of  will  and  responsibility,  the  origin 
of  death,  immortality,  the  communism  of 
soul  life,  and  the  soul  of  the  universe.  The 


Organ 

of 

consciousness 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


soul  of  the  universe  is  here  identified  with 
God,  but  in  one  of  his  later  writings  Dr. 
Carus  proposes  a  more  definite  conception 
of  God.* 

"A  solid  addition  to  the  works  upon  physio- 
logical psychology."  —  Public  Opinion. 

"The  work  of  a  profound  scholar,  and  yet 
written  in  language  so  simple  that  the  youngest 
reader  can  comprehend  it."  —  Boston  Transcript. 

"As  a  lesson  in  method,  let  alone  their  con- 
tents, his  works  are  among  the  best  in  their 
field.  .  .  .  His  religion  of  the  future  has  in 
very  truth  all  the  essentials  of  the  faith  which 
alone  can  win  the  assent  and  devotion  of  the 
thinker.  .  .  .  This  book  must  be  read  and 
reread  to  be  fully  appreciated."  —  Dr.  E.  G. 
Hirsch,  in  Reform  Advocate. 

"A  more  enjoyable  study  we  have  not  had  for 
some  time  than  the  examination  of  such  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  facts  of  physiological  and 
experimental  psychology.  The  center  of  the 
universe  lies  in  our  own  mind,  and  the  well- 
written  and  beautifully  illustrated  volume  which 
lies  before  us  gives  the  reader  a  text-book  from 
which  he  may  learn  the  intricacies  of  such  a 
center.  The  mentalist  has  his  text-book  at  last." 
—  The  Educational  Record,  Montreal. 


Opinion  of 

Rabbi 

Hirsch. 


HTHE   FOUNDATIONS   OF  MATHE- 

MATICS.     A    Contribution    to    the 

Philosophy    of    Geometry.       Pages,     140. 

Clotty  gilt  top,  75  cents,  net  (35.  6d.,  net). 

*See  page  55,  God,  an  Enquiry  into  the 
Nature  of  Man's  Highest  Ideals  and  a  Solu- 
twn  of  the  Problem  from  the  Standpoint  of 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


The  enormous  significance  of  the  formal 
sciences  makes  it  desirable  that  anyone  who 
attempts  to  philosophize  should  understand 
the  nature  of  mathematics.  Plato  was  con- 
vinced that  knowledge  of  the  science  of 
form  was  indispensable,  so  he  wrote  over 
his  school  the  injunction  that  no  one  not 
versed  in  geometry  should  enter. 

The  need  of  a  philosophical  basis  of 
mathematics  appears  in  the  doubts  which 
beset  the  axiom  of  parallels.  In  the  present 
book  the  author  discusses,  first,  the  history 
of  the  notion  of  axioms  and  especially  the  Problem 
axiom  of  parallels ;  the  attempts  at  solving  of  t^e 
the  problem  by  Gauss,  Riemann,  Lobats-  axiom, 
chevsky,  Bolyai,  Grassmann  and  others; 
and  then  enters  into  a  discussion  of  the 
philosophical  basis  of  mathematics,  the 
problems  of  the  a  priori,  of  anyness,  of 
space,  the  uniqueness  of  pure  space,  mathe- 
matical and  physiological  space,  etc.  He 
shows  that  mathematics  does  not  start  from 
nothing,  as  is  often  assumed;  it  excludes 
only  particularity  and  retains  logical  con- 
sistency as  well  as  the  idea  of  pure  activ- 
ity. It  is  shown  how  in  building  up  pure 
space,  the  idea  of  a  straight  line  neces- 
sarily originates  and  why  it  is  indispensable. 

The  nature  and  the  significance  of  the  a      Mysticism 
priori  are  set  forth  so  as  to  dispel  all  mys-     and  the 
ticism  that  sometimes  adheres  to  the  idea,     a  priori. 
and  the    new  term    "anyness"  contributes 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


not  a  little  to  throw  light  on  the  nature 
of  mathematical  reasoning. 

The  straight          Among  other  important  topics  discussed 
jme  "  in  this  book  may  be  mentioned  the  author's 

method  of  explaining  the  nature  of  straight 
lines,  the  plane  and  the  right  angle  as 
"even  boundaries;"  his  construction  of  tri- 
dimensional  space  is  created  from  what  he 
calls  "the  scope  of  motion  in  infinite  direc- 
tions." While  touching  upon  the  subject 
of  imaginary  spaces,  the  conception  of  a 
four-dimensional  space  is  made  thinkable  by 
the  help  of  three  mirrors  placed  at  right 
angles. 

The  God  The  chapters  on  the  Superreal,  Discrete 

of  Units,  Continuum,  Infinitude,  and  the  Epi- 

Mathematics.      logue  proclaiming  the  God  of  Mathematics, 

will  be  of  interest  to  any  thoughtful  reader. 

"It  will  be  worth  the  while  of  any  think- 
ing man  to  read  this  book  with  some  pains- 
taking  Take  it  all  in  all,  there  has  been 

no  small  book  recently  published  more  provo- 
cative of  thought  along  certain  directions  than 
this." — Chicago  Daily  News. 

"For  those  who  are  interested  in  mathe- 
matics, that  is,  in  the  philosophy  of  mathe- 
matics, this  book  will  come  as  a  delight.  It 
is  written  in  delightfully  clear  and  understand- 
able manner. — Business  Philosopher. 

"An  exceedingly  interesting  book.  It  is  not 
above  the  comprehension  of  the  high  school 
teacher." — School  Science. 

"The  treatment   of  the  subject   is   clear.    To 


PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 


43 


the  student  of  mathematics  it  will  prove  stimu- 
lating."— Boston  Transcript. 

"The  volume  compels  admiration  of  this  mod- 
ern author's  breadth  of  knowledge.  He  is  al- 
ways modern,  practical  and,  in  the  best  sense, 
apologetic.  The  catholicity  of  his  mind  enables 
him  to  speak  to  a  very  large  audience." — Lon- 
don Expository  Times. 

"The  Foundations  of  Mathematics,  by  Paul 
Carus,  reflects  the  wide  reading,  the  scholar- 
ship and  clearness  of  exposition  of  its  author." 
— Religious  Education. 

"Dr.  Carus  discusses  the  history  of  mathe- 
matics interestingly,  showing  that,  in  spite  of 
modern  innovations,  Euclid's  claims  remain  un- 
shaken."— Army  and  Navy  Journal. 


WHENCE  AND  WHITHER?    An  In- 
**    quiry  Into  the  Nature  of  the  Soul,  Its 
Origin    and    Destiny.      Pages,    viii,    218. 
Price,  cloth,  75  cents,  net  (35.  6d.,  net). 

This  little  book  treats  of  the  central  prob- 
lems of  all  religion ;  the  nature  of  the  ego ; 
the  origin,  development,  and  destiny  of  the 
human  personality;  spiritual  heredity;  the 
dissolution  of  the  body  and  the  preservation 
of  the  soul ;  the  nature  of  human  immor- 
tality; mankind's  ideals;  the  rational  basis 
of  ethics,  etc.,  all  from  the  standpoint  of 
modern  psychology  and  biology.  It  teaches 
an  immortality  consisting  in  the  survival  of 
our  ideas  and  aspirations  which  are  the  quin- 
tessence of  our  very  soul.  The  author  takes 
pains  to  prove  that  this  is  a  true  immor- 
tality and  not  mere  fiction.  All  doctrines 


Whence  do 
we  come? 


Immortality 


44 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Symbols 
are  but 
makeshifts. 


Is  life 
worth  living? 


A  controver- 
sial 

treatment 
of  ethics. 


of  immortality  taught  in  allegory  or  symbol 
are  but  makeshifts  to  express  for  people 
untrained  in  philosophical  thought  this 
grandest  of  all  religious  truths. 

See  also  Fechner's  View  of  Life  After 
Death.  Monist,  XVI,  84.  The  Soul  in 
Science  and  Religion.  Monist  XVI,  218. 

"Dr.  Cartis  answers  the  question,  'Is  Life 
Worth  Living?'  very  fully  and  satisfactorily. 
The  whole  is  a  comprehensive  and  helpful  treat- 
ise."— Journal  of  Education,  Boston. 

"Full  of  stimulating  thoughts." — Dominion 
Presbyterian. 

"Reverent  and  actuated  by  noble  purpose." — 
Congregationalist. 

"There  are  many  fine  passages  in  this  book, 
and  the  general  trend  of  the  argument  is  unde- 
niably sound." — Literary  Guide. 

ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 

TTHE  ETHICAL  PROBLEM.  Three 
Lectures  on  Ethics  as  a  Science.  Sec- 
ond edition,  including  a  discussion  of  the 
subject  by  William  M.  Salter,  John  Mad- 
dock,  F.  M.  Holland,  Prof.  Friedrich  Jodl, 
Dr.  R.  Lewins,  Prof.  H.  Hoffding,  Prof 
L  M  Billia.  Pages,  351.  Cloth,  $1.25 
(os.  od.). 

The  Ethical   Problem   consists  of  three 

lectures,    delivered  before  the    Society  of 

ethical  Culture  at  Chicago,  criticizing  the 

attitude  of  the  Society.    Dr.  Carus  believes 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 


45 


that  pure  ethics,  which  means  ethics  not 
based  on  either  philosophy  or  religion,  has 
no  existence.  For  ethics  is  always  based  upon 
a  world-conception  and  from  this  derives 
its  character.  Different  ethical  systems  al- 
ways presuppose  different  philosophies. 

Hedonism,  which  is  based  on  the  princi- 
ple that  that  is  moral  which  will  bring 
about  a  maximum  of  pleasure  for  the  great- 
est number  of  people,  is,  closely  considered, 
a  denial  of  ethics.  The  pursuit  of  happi- 
ness has  nothing  to  do  with  morality,  and 
if  there  were  no  duty  except  to  bring  about 
happiness,  ethics  would  be  an  illusion. 

The  publication  of  these  addresses  elicited 
a  number  of  discussions  with  Rev.  William 
M.  Salter  and  other  men  interested  in  the 
philosophy  of  ethics,  among  them  Prof. 
Harold  Hoffding  of  Copenhagen,  Prof. 
Friedrich  Jodl  of  Vienna,  Dr.  Robert 
Lewins,  the  English  philosopher  of  solips- 
ism, Dr.  L.  M.  Billia  of  Turin,  Italy,  etc. 
The  book  contains  also  discussions  of  the 
views  of  Goldwin  Smith,  Gustav  Fechner, 
H.  Sedgwick,  John  Stuart  Mill,  Rosmini, 
etc. 

"One  cannot  help  admiring  the  calmness  and 
the  loftiness  of  tone  with  which  the  discussion 
is  carried  on." — Presbyterian  Review. 

"It  would  be  quite  impossible  for  the  author 
to  have  crowded  more  thought  and  suggestive- 
ness  within  the  same  compass.  .  .  .  It  is  a 


Pursuit  of 
pleasure  is 
not  morality. 


Important 
discussion. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


fresh  and  up-to-date  volume."— Methodist  Epis- 
copal Magazine  and  Review. 

"Thoughtful  and  suggestive." — The  Evangelist. 

"Most  stimulating  reading." — Presbyterian  and 
Reformed  Review. 

The  State  a        "THE    NATURE    OF    THE    STATE. 

superpersonal       *     Cloth,  50  cents,  net  (25.  6d.,  net). 

organism.  The    Nature   of   the    State    is    a    small 

treatise,  which  conveys  an  important  truth, 
throwing  light  not  only  on  the  character 
of  communal  life,  but  also  on  the  nature  of 
man's  soul.  It  proves  the  significance  of 
the  social  interrelations,  and  refutes  the 
errors  of  individualism. 

It  contains  chapters  with  the  following 
titles:  Does  the  State  Exist?  Was  the 
Individual  Prior  to  Society?  The  State  a 
Product  of  Natural  Growth.  The  Au- 
thority of  the  State  and  the  Right  to  Revo- 
lution. The  Modern  State  Based  on 
Revolution.  Treason  and  Reform. 

"A  timely  aid  to  dissipate  error  and  help  to 
the  realization  of  the  genuine  meaning  of  the 
state.  Dr.  Carus  has  treated  the  matter  in  a 
masterly  and  convincing  way." — The  Call,  Sa-n 
Francisco. 

"As  full  of  reason  as  an  egg  is  of  meat." — 
Wade's  Fibre  and  Fabric. 

A  wholesome          "The   exposition   is   clear  and  the   style   inci- 
warning.  sive.    The    warning    is    also    wholesome,    that    a 

man  carefully  consider  what  the  State  signifies 
before  he  inveighs  against  its  authority  or  ex- 
poses himself  as  a  vainglorious  prophet  of  er- 
ror."—New  York  Ethical  Record. 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 


47 


"The  positions  taken  are  admirable  and  are 
admirably  maintained,  especially  as  against  the 
individualistic  conception  of  Hobbes  and  Rous- 
seau."— Princeton  Theological  Review. 

(~)UR  CHILDREN.  Hints  from  Prac- 
^^  tical  Experience  for  Parents  and  Teach- 
ers. Pages,  207.  $1.00,  net  (45.  6d.,  net). 
In  this  little  book  the  author  gives  an 
account  of  experiences  with  his  own  chil- 
dren, and  offers  suggestions  to  educators. 
Upon  the  whole  his  advice  is  based  upon 
the  principle  don't  say  don't;  he  prefers  to 
use  the  positive  instruction  of  saying  "do." 
Education  should  be  guidance;  there  is  no 
need  of  breaking  the  will.  Here  are  a  few 
of  the  chapter  headings:  First  Steps; 
Parenthood;  Treatment  of  a  Naughty 
Child ;  Do  Not  Punish ;  Direct  or  Divert, 
but  Do  Not  Suppress ;  The  Use  of  Money ; 
Counting ;  Facts,  not  Fancy ;  Foreign  Lan- 
guages ;  Mathematics ;  Music  in  Education ; 
Santa  Claus. 

"Brightly  written,  broad-minded,  instructive, 
this  book  deserves  serious  perusal  and  praise." — 
Chicago  Record-Herald. 

"Our  Children  has  a  value  which  it  is  difficult 
to  exaggerate.  The  strong  common  sense  of 
the  book  as  a  whole  can  better  be  judged  from 
an  extract  than  from  any  praise  of  it,  however 
particularized.  ...  It  is  difficult  to  conceive 
of  anything  coming  up  in  relation  of  parent  or 
teacher  to  a  child  which  does  not  find  discus- 
sion or  suggestion  in  this  compact  and  helpful 


Treatment 
of  a 
naughty 
child. 


48  SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 

little  book.  It  will  be  an  aid  to  parents  and 
teachers  everywhere — an  education  for  them  no 
less  than  for  the  child." — Chicago  Daily  News. 
"We  feel  certain  that  any  parent  who  thought- 
fully reads  and  studies  this  book  will  be  richly 
paid,  and  if  the  readers  be  parents  with  grow- 
ing children  they  will  keep  the  book  by  them 
for  frequent  consultation,  not  for  iron  rules,  but 
for  sympathetic  suggestion." — Commercial  News, 
Danville,  III. 

"From  my  own  personal  point  of  view  I  can 
only  welcome  this  volume  in  our  pedagogical 
literature  and  express  the  hope  that  it  may  be- 
come a  household  book  in  the  library  of  every 
parent  and  teacher." — M.  P.  E.  Groszmann,  Ph.D., 
Director  of  Groszmann  School  for  Nervous  Chil- 
dren. 

A  "The  book  is   delightful  and  most  helpful.    I 

mother's  read  '*  w^h  much  pleasure  and  profit,  then  re- 

v:ew  read    most   of   it    aloud    to   my   husband.      The 

suggestions  for  discipline  were  exactly  what  I 
needed  for  our  second  boy;  he  had  always  been 
a  great  problem,  but  I  was  too  stupid  and  pos- 
sibly too  near  him  to  solve  it  for  myself.  The 
chapter  on  The  Naughty  Child'  seems  to  have 
done  this,  and  I  feel  as  if  a  wonderful  thing 
had  happened.  .  .  .  Our  neighborhood  club 
of  women,  mothers  of  fifty-one  children,  are 
reading  Our  Children,  a  chapter  at  a  time,  at 
club  meetings  and  finding  it  so  helpful.  It  is 
such  good  sense."— Extract  from  letters  from  a 
young  mother  in  Oklahoma. 

"Little  things  are  recommended  that  will  ap- 
peal to  the  child's  understanding  and  add  to  his 
interest  in  his  work."— Cleveland  Plain  Dealer. 
"Its  author  has  given  to  the  world  a  careful, 
loving,  thoughtful  set  of  rules  which  may  be 
used  with  profit  in  the  bringing  up  of  the 
young."— The  Mantel,  Tile  and  Grate  Monthly. 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION.  49 

THE  RISE  OF  MAN.  A  Sketch  of  the 
*  Origin  of  the  Human  Race.  Illus- 
trated. Pages,  97.  Boards,  cloth  back,  75 
cents,  net  (35.  6d.,  net). 

The   subject  of  this  book  is   anthropo- 
logical,  but   the   author's   interest   is   ulti- 
mately concentrated  in  the  religious  prob- 
lem underlying  the  questions  here  presented. 
Dr.  Carus  upholds  the  divinity  of  man  from     Man's 
the  standpoint  of  evolution.    Man's  physical     divinity  is 
origin  does  not  disprove  that  his  soul  has      the  natural 
more  and  more  become  an  incarnation  of     aim  of  life. 
God  in  the  sense  that  man's  reason  is  an 
echo  of  the  world-order,  and  so  man   (or, 
generally  speaking,  a  rational  being)  is  the 
natural  aim  of  life.     In  the  second  chapter 
.the  idea  of  evolution  as  an  epigenesis,  not 
as  a  process  of  evolving,  is  discussed.     The 
chapters   on  the   anthropoid   apes   and   on 
primitive  man    are  richly    illustrated  with 
special    consideration    of    the    Neanderthal 
man  and  Du  Bois's  pithecanthropoid. 

The  concluding  chapters,  "Civilization 
and  the  Race"  and  "The  Triumph  of  the 
Best,"  discuss  the  moral  problems  of 
anthropogenesis. 

"Might  be  called  a  primer  in  evolutionary  the- 
ory. It  is  clearly  written  and  excellently  illus- 
trated."— Cleveland  Plain  Dealer. 

"Dr.  Carus  has  a  deep  reverence  for  the  man- 
ifestation of  God  in  created  things,  and  nowhere 
is  it  more  in  evidence  than  in  his  graceful  treat- 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


ment  of  this   subject."  —  Tyler  Publishing  Com- 
pany, Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 


Sermons 
a  man  who 
believes  in 
science. 


Broadly 
Catholic. 


by       LJOMILIES    OF   SCIENCE.     Pages  x, 
o  317.     Cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.50  (75.  6d.). 

This  is  a  collection  of  short  sermons  from 
the  standpoint  of  a  religion  which  recog- 
nizes no  religious  doctrine  that  is  incon- 
sistent with  the  truths  taught  by  science. 
Among  the  topics  presented  we  mention: 
"Is  Religion  Dead?"  "Living  the  Truth," 
"Is  God  a  Mind?"  "The  Religion  of  Joy," 
"The  Liberal's  Folly,"  "Faith  and  Doubt," 
"The  American  Ideal." 

"They  are  written  in  a  direct  and  interesting 
style,  generally  profound  in  thought,  and  elicit 
the  attention  of  the  intelligent  reader."  —  Re- 
formed Church  Review. 

"Many  of  these  articles  might  appear  without 
criticism  in  the  most  orthodox  church  weeklies 
and  magazines.  One  in  particular,  on  The 
Hunger  After  Righteousness,'  might  be  read 
from  any  Christian  pulpit  as  a  sermon,  while 
the  papers  on  'Sexual  Ethics,'  'Monogamy  and 
Free  Love'  and  'Morality  and  Virtue"  will  aston- 
ish the  very  large  class  who  imagine  that  rejec- 
tion of  dogma  tends  to  subversion  of  morals. 
This  is  a  good  book  for  those  who  want  to 
know  what  unbelievers  really  believe."  —  Book 
News. 

"Their  author  is  evidently  animated  by  a 
broadly  catholic  spirit,  is  widely  read,  and  writes 
in  the  interests  of  higher  morality."—  Milwaukee 
Sentinel. 

"What  Dr.  Carus  says  on  ethical  subjects, 
though  containing  nothing  particularly  new,  will 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 


find  an  echo  in  the  hearts  of  good  men  of  every 
creed.  He  is  wholly  uninfected  with  the  social- 
istic heresies  now  so  widely  prevalent,  and  he 
sternly  rebukes  those  free-thinkers  who  regard 
morality  with  indifference  and  scoff  at  its  re- 
quirements. .  .  .  As  an  example  of  existing 
tendencies,  as  well  as  by  its  moral  earnestness, 
this  book  will  interest  the  reader."  —  Science. 

"While  these  essays  are  opposed  to  some  of 
the  teachings  of  dogmatic  Christianity,  they  are 
full  of  the  spirit  of  the  highest  Christian  mo- 
rality and  are  not  in  any  true  sense  antagonistic 
to  religious  faith.  They  are  constructive  rather 
than  destructive."  —  Review  of  Reviews,  New 
York. 


Opposed  to 
dogma,  but 
Christian 
in  spirit. 


"It  has  all  the  genuine  life  and  spirit  of  Chris- 
tianity, but  is  free  from  the  dogmatic  theology 
which  is  a  stumbling  block  to  so  many  intelli- 
gent believers.  .  .  .  Everyone  who  is  inter- 
ested in  the  great  problem  of  life,  death  and 
immortality  should  read  this  volume  and  pon- 
der over  its  practical  suggestions."  —  Daily  Her- 
ald, Norristown,  Pa. 

"It  is  always  a  pleasure  to  read  the  utter- 
ances of  the  author  of  this  book  when  religion 
and  morality  are  under  consideration.  He  is  so 
frank  in  stating  his  own  views  and  so  utterly 
free  from  harshness  or  uncharitableness  in  stat- 
ing his  opposition  to  the  views  of  others  as  to 
be  able  to  carry  any  reader  along  without  per- 
sonal irritation.  .  .  .  We  are  attracted  by 
the  strong  moral  and  spiritual  tone  in  the  book, 
and  find  a  reverence  and  devotion  here  for 
things  of  the  spirit,  which  do  not  exist  in 
some  of  our  so-called  religious  writers.  .  .  . 
It  will  stir  many  a  soul  to  a  higher  life."  — 
Public  Opinion. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


The  THE  DAWN  OF  A  NEW  RELIGIOUS 

new  *    ERA  AND  OTHER  ESSAYS.  Pages, 

orthodoxy.  vi,  145.  Cloth,  50  cents,  net  (2s.  6d.,  net). 
The  author  gave  up  the  religious  con- 
viction which  had  become  dear  to  him  in 
his  youth  because  he  found  it  untenable 
under  the  strain  of  scientific  critique.  He 
first  modified  his  faith,  and  finally  sur- 
rendered everything  that  could  be  defended 
only  by  the  claim  of  tradition  or  special 
revelation,  thereby  he  reached  the  bottom 
rock  and  built  up  a  new  faith  on  the  eternal 
truths  that  can  be  proved  by  science,  and 
are  verifiable  in  our  daily  experience.  This 
is  the  constructive  part  of  his  work,  which 
makes  him  the  most  conservative  of  radicals. 
He  is  vigorously  opposed  to  agnosticism  and 
all  equivocation  as  well  as  indifference, 
building  up  a  new  orthodoxy  of  scientific- 
ally tenable  truths. 

The  This   new   religious   era,   which  is  here 

Religious  vividly    described,    had    its    dawn    in    the 

Parliament.         sPirit  that  made  the  Religious  Parliament 
possible. 

This  little  volume  contains  also  a  critical 
analysis  of  Professor  Romanes's  'Thoughts 
on  Religion,"  discussing  the  reasons  for  his 
alleged  conversion  to  Christianity  shortly 
before  his  death;  and  finally  an  essay  on 
"The  New  Orthodoxy."  Instead  of  de- 
nouncing orthodoxy  as  is  now  customary, 
Dr.  Carus  defends  the  ideal  of  having  the 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION.  53 

right  faith  and  proposes  to  develop  from 
the  old  orthodoxy  a  new  orthodoxy  which 
can  stand  the  test  of  science. 


RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE.  Pages, 
vi,  145.     Cloth,  50  cents,  net  (2s.  6d.). 
Religion  should  be  able  to  stand  the  test 
of  scientific  critique.     That  religion  which 
contains  no  presumptions  incongruous  with 
the  verified  truths  of  science  alone  fulfills 
all   demands.     The  present  volume   is   an     The 
attempt  to  outline  the  doctrines  of  a  relig-      sanctity  of 
ious  conviction,  whose  ideals  of  God,  soul,     scientific 
immortality,  together  with  its  moral  aspira-     truth. 
tions,   are   tenable  before  the   tribunal   of 
science. 

"The  best  and  briefest  possible  popular  ex- 
position of  the  scientific  attitude  toward  the  re- 
ligious sentiment  that  we  have  read."  —  New 
England  Magazine. 

"  'The  Religion  of  Science'  is,  in  its  way,  a 
masterpiece.  Its  author  is  unique,  interesting 
and  suggestive  as  a  thinker.  We  may  not,  we 
do  not,  agree  with  his  conclusions,  but  we  ad- 
mire his  force,  originality  and  independence."  — 
Boston  Daily  Traveler. 

"It  is  one  of  those  helpful  books  which,  in- 
stead of  repudiating  man's  part,  sneering  at  his 
religious  history,  and  with  grotesque  and  nar- 
row bigotry  more  intolerable  than  that  which  it 
scorns,  renouncing  the  hard-earned  wealth  of 
human  experience  and  striving  and  martyrdoms, 
rather  enters  joyfully  into  the  spirit  of  that 


54 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


"Blessed  is 
he  who 
trusts  in 
the  truth." 


Entheism. 


past  and.  learning  its  wisdom,  goes  forward  in 
the  strength  of  it  to  new  positions  of  security 
and  enlightenment." — Rev.  Robert  D.  Towne. 

"With  much  that  he  says  we  fully  agree,  and 
we  respect  the  moral  earnestness  with  which  he 
discusses  the  problems  of  life  and  duty.  .  .  . 
We  have  read  his  book  with  interest,  and  we 
cordially  echo  the  sentiment  he  expresses  that 
'blessed  is  he  who  trusts  in  the  truth,  who 
hearkens  to  its  behests,  and  leads  a  life  in 
which  obedience  to  truth  is  exemplified.'" — Sci- 
ence. 

THE  IDEA  OF  GOD.  Fourth  edition. 
Pages,  32.  Paper  cover,  15  cents  (Qd.). 
This  pamphlet  is  a  lecture  delivered  be- 
fore the  Ethical  Culture  Society  in  Chi- 
cago long  before  the  author  published  his 
more  comprehensive  exposition  on  his  solu- 
tion of  the  problem  of  God.  It  contains  the 
following  chapters :  The  Nature  of  Ideas, 
The  Ethnology  of  the  Word  God,  also  the 
Hebrew  names  of  God,  the  Reality  of  Ab- 
stract Ideas,  the  Different  Conceptions  of 
God,  Entheism  as  a  Monistic  Conception  of 
God,  and  a  conclusion  on  the  Universality 
of  God. 

"A  wonderful  little  book  .  .  .  clear,  log- 
ical and  scientific.  ...  No  Christian  should 
fail  to  read  it." — Current  Events. 

"An  effort  to  purify  our  'Idea  of  God,'  that  it 
may  be  greater,  sublimer  and  more  awe-inspir- 
mg  to  future  generations  than  it  has  ever  been 
y&.  —Literary  World,  London. 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 


55 


AN  INQUIRY  Into  the  Nature 
of  Man's  Highest  Ideal  and  a  Solution 
of  the  Problem  from  the  Standpoint  of 
Science.  Pages,  iv,  245.  Boards,  cloth 
back,  $1.00  (4.5.  6d.). 

The    God-conception    here    presented    is 
that  of  the  God  of  Science,  not  of  nescience.     The 
The  author  combats  agnosticism  and  the     God  of 
God  preached  is  not  an  unknowable  being      science, 
whose    existence    cannot    be    proved    and 
whose    nature    is    a    logical    impossibility. 
The  God  of  Science  is  that  principle  which 
constitutes  the  cosmic  order  of  natural  law, 
and  which,  in  the  religious  development  of 
mankind,  is  discovered  as  the  authority  of 
conduct.     He   is   a   God   whose   existence 
even  the  atheist  cannot  deny. 

One  reader  who  looks  upon  religion  as 
a  huge  aberration  of  the  human  mind  said 
to  the  author:  "People  will  say  that  the 
book  is  written  by  an  atheist,"  to  which  the 
author  replied:  "I  would  make  no  objec- 
tion if  they  only  modify  the  statement  by 
saying,  'Written  by  an  atheist  who  loves  "An  atheist 
God.' '  who  loves 

The  author  claims  that  his  God  is  the  God." 
only  true  God,  and  that  other  God-concep- 
tions, especially  the  traditional  views  of  the 
churches,  are  only  surrogates,  which  did 
service  so  long  as  the  truth  was  not  yet 
forthcoming. 

The  author  calls  this  new  and  scientific 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


"Theonomy' 

and 

"nomothe- 


ism. 


Rev. 

James 

Hastings 


doctrine  of  God  "theonomy,"  which  bears 
the  same  relation  to  theology  as  does 
astronomy  to  astrology. 

This  view  is  not  the  old  pantheism,  for 
God  is  not  identified  with  the  All;  God  is 
omnipresent  in  nature  (a  view  which  is 
called  "entheism"),  but  for  all  that  he  is 
different  from  nature.  He  is  not  the  total- 
ity of  existence,  but  its  norm  (or  nomos}, 
forming,  directing  and  determining  all 
things,  and  so  this  God-conception  may  ap- 
propriately be  called  "nomotheism." 

"Paul  Carus  is  a  clear  thinker.  His  book 
is  stimulating.  We  have  read  every  word  of 
it  with  unflagging  interest.  It  helps  one  greatly 
in  thinking  about  the  mystery  of  all  mysteries, 
the  mystery  of  God." — Universalist  Leader. 

"A  clear  statement  of  a  modern  view  which 
is  neither  pantheistic  nor  personal." — Religious 
Education. 

"Dr.  Carus's  work  on  'God'  is  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  helpful  books  on  the  subject 
we  have  seen.  It  is  written  in  a  clear,  force- 
ful style,  and  in  a  broad,  sympathetic  spirit. 
Every  person  struggling  with  intellectual  doubt 
and  uncertainty  should  get  a  copy.  It  is  illu- 
minating."— Fellowship. 

"At  the  office  of  The  Open  Court  in  Chicago, 
Dr.  Paul  Carus,  the  indefatigable  and  the 
brave,  has  published  five  volumes  together. 
Five  volumes  of  most  unmistakably  religious 
interest,  and  each  vying  with  the  other  in 
independence.  This  is  the  first  article  in  the 
creed  of  Dr.  Carus — independence.  Tradition  is 


ETHICS  AND  RELIGION. 


57 


Cardinal 
Newman. 


nothing,     and     the    idea    which     so     irresistibly      Compared 

sent    Newman    into    the     Roman    Church,    the      with 

idea   that   'the   whole   world'   cannot   be   wrong, 

is  pure  heresy  to  Dr.   Paul  Carus  and  to  those 

who  write  for  him.    The  'whole  world'  is  more 

likely  to  be  wrong  than  not.    The  'whole  world' 

almost   always   has   been   wrong.     But,    right   or 

wrong,    the    'whole    world'    is    nothing    to    Dr. 

Carus.    Let    every   man    be    fully    persuaded    in 

his    own   mind." — Rev.   James  Hastings,   in    the 

Expository    Times. 


HISTORY  OF  RELIGION. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  DEVIL. 
*•  And  the  Idea  of  Evil  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Present  Day.  Printed  in  two 
colors,  from  large  type,  on  fine  paper. 
Bound  in  cloth,  illuminated  with  cover 
stamp  from  Dore.  Five  hundred  8vo 
pages,  with  311  illustrations  in  black  and 
tint.  Price,  $6.00  (305.). 

Beginning  with  prehistoric  Devil-worship 
and  the  adoration  of  demon  gods  and  mon- 
ster divinities,  the  author  surveys  the 
ancient  beliefs  of  the  Summero-Accadians, 
the  Persians,  the  Jews,  the  Brahmans,  the 
Buddhists,  the  early  Christians  and  the 
Teutonic  nations.  He  then  passes  to  the 
demonology  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  Ref- 
ormation, and  Modern  times,  discussing  the 
Inquisition,  witchcraft,  and  the  history  of 
the  Devil  in  verse  and  fable. 

Though   the   problem   of    evil   is   thus 


Idea  of 
evil  in 
antiquity. 


58  SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 

treated  in  its  historical  phase,  the  main  pur- 
port of  the  book  is  philosophical,  pointing 
out  that  the  contrasts,  good  and  evil,  are 
the  realities  of  life,  and  so  the  ideas,  God 
and  Satan,  stand  for  actual  facts.  Though 
there  is  no  Devil  with  horns  and  hoofs,  as 
represented  in  mediaeval  folklore,  he  is  a 
real  presence  in  the  life  of  man  which  has 
to  be  reckoned  with.  In  this  sense,  Dr. 
Carus  quotes  Goethe's  quatrain  on  the  Evil 
One: 

Goethe's  "You  have  the  Devil  underrated, 

quatrain  I  cannot  yet  persuaded  be! 

on  the  A  fellow  who  is  all-behated 

Evil  One.  Must  something  be." 

"It  is  seldom  that  a  more  intensely  absorbing 
study  of  this  kind  has  been  made,  and  it  can 
be  safely  asserted  that  the  subject  has  never  be- 
fore been  so  comprehensively  treated.  .  .  . 
Neither  public  nor  private  librarian  can  afford 
to  be  without  this  book,  for  it  is  a  well  of  in- 
formation upon  a  subject  fascinating  to  both 
students  and  casual  readers."— Christian  Israel- 
ite. 

"The  work  is  a  triumph  of  the  printers'  art, 
having  more  than  300  illustrations  of  the  rarest 
and  most  curious  religious  deities,  good  and 
bad.  For  an  interesting  and  instructive  volume 
on  demonology,  Dr.  Paul  Carus'  work  surpasses 
anything  we  have  ever  seen."— Pacific  Medical 
journal. 

"The  author  has  shown  great  diligence  in 
gathering  illustrative  material,  and  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  any  such  collection  of  ancient  and  mod- 
ern, quaint  and  curious,  picturesque  and  fright- 


HISTORY  OF  RELIGION. 


59 


ful  pictures  relative  to  the  subject  has  been 
before  offered  to  English  readers." — The  Dial. 

"We  have  several  hours'  reading  here,  and  it 
is  made  the  pleasanter  by  a  profusion  of  grue- 
some pictures — pictures  of  the  devil  in  all  his 
shapes  and  of  the  devil's  wonderful  ways  with 
his  victims  and  votaries.  The  book  as  a  book  is 
charming,  as  charming  as  a  book  about  the 
devil  could  be." — Expository  Times,  London. 

"The  pictorial  illustrations  of  this  subject 
from  earliest  Egyptian  frescoes,  from  pagan 
idols,  from  old  black-letter  tomes,  from  quaint 
early  Christian  sculpture,  down  to  the  model 
pictures  of  Dore  and  Schneider,  add  greatly  to 
the  value  of  the  book." — M.  E.  Magazine  and 
Review. 

ADDITIONAL  ARTICLES  ON  THE  DEVIL. 

The  Reality  of  the  Devil.  With  Illustra- 
tions. Open  Court,  XIX,  No.  595, 
page  717. 

Healing  by  Conjuration  in  Ancient  Baby- 
lon. A  correction  of  the  interpretation 
given  in  The  History  of  the  Devil,  pp. 
43  and  46.  Open  Court,  XXIII,  65. 

Indian  Chieftain's  Story,  An.  Open  Court, 
XV,  376. 

THE  STORY  OF  SAMSON.  And  Its 
1  Place  in  the  Religious  Development  of 
Mankind.  80  illustrations.  Pages,  183. 
Comprehensive  index.  Boards,  $1.00,  net 
(45.  6d.,  net). 

The  figure  of  Samson  finds  its  prototype 
in  those  traditions  of  all  primitive  historical 
peoples  which  relate  to  a  solar  deity.  Dr. 


Quaint 
pictures  of 
the  devil  in 
mediaeval 
folklore. 


Samson, 
a  prototype 
of 
Christ. 


6o 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Carus  believes  that  genuine  tradition,  no 
matter  how  mythological,  is  more  conserva- 
tive than  is  at  first  apparent.     Though  the 
biblical   account   of    Samson's   deeds,    like 
Solar  heroes      the  twelve  labors  of  Heracles,  is  the  echo 
and  of  an  ancient  solar  epic  which  glorifies  the 

the  zodiac.  deeds  of  Shamash  in  his  migration  through 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  there  may 
have  been  a  Hebrew  hero  whose  deeds  re- 
minded the  Israelites  of  Shamash,  and  so 
his  adventures  were  told  with  modifications 
which  naturally  made  the  solar  legends 
cluster  about  his  personality. 

The   main    significance    of   the    Samson 

story,  however,  consists  in  the  important 

Samson  fact    that    Samson    is    the    prototype    of 

and  Christ;  and  this  leads  to  a  discussion  of 

Christ.  the  stories  of  gods  who  die  and  rise  to 

life  again. 

Comparisons  are  drawn  between  Samson 
on  the  one  hand,  and  Heracles,  Shamash, 
Melkarth,  Siegfried  and,  ultimately,  Christ 
on  the  other.  The  appendix  contains  a 
Controversy  with  Mr.  George  W.  Shaw,  in 
which  is  discussed  at  some  length  the  rela- 
tion between  myth  and  history. 

"Charmingly  printed  and  copiously  illustrated." 
— Picayune. 

"The  discussion  is  learned  and  in  good  spirit." 
— Watchman. 

"This  beautifully  illustrated  book  abounds  in 
parallels  to  the  Samson  story  from  other  liter- 


HISTORY  OF  RELIGION. 


61 


St.  Catharine 
and 
mystic 
marriage. 


atures  than  the  Hebrew,  and  sets  forth  the  un- 
historical  character  of  the  story  as  a  sun-myth. 
The  view  is  not  new,  but  is  more  fully  pre- 
sented here  than  elsewhere." — Biblical  World. 

"THE  BRIDE  OF  CHRIST.  A  Study  in 
Christian  Legend  Lore.  80  illustra- 
tions of  reproductions  of  famous  painting's. 
Pages,  vii,  in.  Parchment  boards,  cloth 
back,  75  cents  (33.  6d.). 

The  legend  of  St.  Catharine,  the  bride  of 
Christ,  though  once  very  popular,  is  almost 
forgotten  now.  The  Puritan  spirit,  so 
powerful  among  Protestants,  which  wants 
religion  pure  and  simple,  without  romance 
and  sometimes  even  without  the  adornment 
of  art,  has  affected  even  Roman  Catholics, 
and  yet  the  legend  is  full  of  charm  and  is 
apt  to  prove  fascinating  even  to  the  un- 
believer. 

Though  the  legend  is  neglected,  the  idea 
of  a  bride  of  Christ  still  lives  even  in 
Protestant  hymns,  where  following  the 
precedent  of  St.  Paul  and  the  traditions  of 
the  mystics,  the  bride  represents  either  the 
church  or  the  soul. 

The  story  of  the  bride  of  Christ  possesses 
an  additional  interest  to  the  student  of 
religion  who  is  able  to  trace  its  history  and 
compare  it  with  its  pagan  prototypes.  This 
is  done  in  the  present  book  and  it  is  done 
with  an  appreciation  of  the  religious  senti- 
ment that  produced  the  legend  and  inspired 


Pagan 
Prototypes. 


62 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


innumerable  artists  to  give  a  worthy  pres- 
entation of  this  conception  of  ideal  woman- 
hood. 


Parallel 
Christian 
and  pagan 
legends 
and  symbols. 


"Dr.  Cams,  in  his  numerous  writings,  is  fond 
of  running  parallels  between  Christian  and 
pagan  legends  and  symbols;  and  he  is  busy 
in  that  sense  in  this  exquisite  work. 

"The  splendid  reproductions  of  ancient  statu- 
ary and  decorations,  and  of  the  old  masters' 
pictures,  are  truly  delightful."— The  Coming 
Day,  London. 

"Do  not  lose  sight  of  Dr.  Paul  Carus.  Through 
devious  and  yet  delightful  ways  he  leads  us, 
always  illuminating  the  path  by  means  of  the 
most  charming  illustrations,  and  he  brings  us 
to  rest  at  last  in  a  thankful  contemplation  of 
the  peace  which  the  mystical  love  of  Christ 
was  able  to  bring  to  the  devout  saints  of  the 
early  ages  of  the  Cross." — Expository  Times, 
London. 

"The  St.  Catharine  legends  grew  to  their 
completest  proportions  during  the  age  of  ex- 
aggerated chivalry,  so  that  the  earlier  Christian 
symbol  of  the  Bride  as  the  Church,  finally  de- 
veloped into  a  mystic  marriage  with  the  spir- 
itualized soul  of  a  pure  saint,  Catharine  mean- 
ing purity.  The  book  is  beautifully  illustrated 
with  one  hundred  and  six  reproductions  from 
the  old  masters,  who  have  painted  the  subject." 
— Christian  Advocate. 

"In  The  Bride  of  Christ  Paul  Carus  adds 
another  to  his  series  of  pleasantly  written,  well 
illustrated  studies  in  comparative  religions. 
These  studies  are  not  designed  for  critical 
study,  but  rather  for  a  cultivated  populace, 
although  the  popular  style  does  not  detract 
from  the  force  with  which  the  central  theme 
is  set  forth."— Chicago  Record-Herald. 


HISTORY  OF  RELIGION. 


"A  curious  byway  of  religious  folklore  is 
explored  in  an  interesting  manner  by  Dr.  Carus 
in  this  volume.  Many  interesting  pictures  il- 
lustrate Dr.  Carus'  stimulating  text." — Boston 
Herald. 

"There  is  scarcely  a  great  artist  of  the  fif- 
teenth and  sixteenth  centuries  who  has  not 
painted  a  'St.  Catharine'  or  a  'Mystic  Mar- 
riage.' The  history  of  the  legend  is  full  of 
interest,  and  Dr.  Carus  traces  it  from  its 
most  ancient  pagan  origin  through  its  varied 
forms  of  religious  sentiment.  The  symbolism 
of  the  union  of  the  soul  with  its  Savior  runs 
through  all  the  varied  forms  of  this  legend 
and  makes  it  one  of  unusual  sweetness." — 
Modern  Miracles. 


St.  Catharine 
in  Art. 


the 
150. 


THE    PLEROMA.    An    Essay    on 
*    Origin    of    Christianity.     Pages, 
Cloth,  $1.00  (43.). 

Christianity  has  become  the  religion  of 
the  civilized  world  and  mankind  dates  a 
new  era  with  the  birth  of  its  founder,  Jesus 
Christ.  As  in  all  religions,  its  origin  has 
been  attributed  to  a  supernatural  revelation, 
and  opinions  vary  greatly  as  to  its  charac- 
ter, its  worth,  and  the  desirability  of  adher- 
ing to  its  traditions.  The  present  book  is 
a  comparatively  short  treatise,  which  shows 
in  terse  outlines  how  Christianity  naturally 
and  necessarily  developed  as  the  inevitable 
result  of  the  conditions  of  the  age.  In  this 
sense  Christianity  came — to  use  the  ter- 
minology of  the  early  church — as  the 
Pleroma,  the  fulfillment  of  the  times. 


Fulfillment 
of  religious 
needs  of 
the   times. 


64 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Christianity 
anticipated 
by 
paganism. 


The  future 

of 

Christianity. 


A  new  point  of  view  is  taken,  in  so  far 
as  the  old  orthodox  interpretation  so  vigor- 
ously insisted  on  by  Augustine  is  retained, 
that  Christianity  is  practically  the  religion 
of  mankind  as  it  was  from  the  beginning 
of  history,  and  thus  it  is  not  Jewish  but 
Gentile  in  its  character.  The  ideals  of  a 
godman,  of  a  savior,  of  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  of  a  trinity,  of  the  sacrament, 
are  traceable  in  paganism  but  are  con- 
spicuously absent  in  Judaism. 

The  subject  is  treated  in  four  divisions : 
Christianity  Predetermined  by  the  Needs 
of  the  Age ;  Pre-Christian  Gnosticism,  The 
Bloom  Preceding  the  Fruitage  of  Chris- 
tianity; How  the  Gentile  Savior  Changed 
into  the  Christ,  and  The  Origin  of  Judaism 
and  Its  Significance  for  Christianity.  The 
conclusion  discusses  the  future  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

"It  is  a  book  which  reconciles  us  to  the 
church  of  God  universal  and  the  brotherhood 
of  all  men  at  all  times.  There  is  not  an 
orthodox  Christian  on  the  earth  who  might  not 
be  broadened  or  softened  by  it.  We  lose  noth- 
ing but  our  mistaken  prejudices  by  reading  it." 
— The  Sketch  Book,  Chicago. 

"One  of  the  ablest  books  on  the  subject."— 
Daily  News,  Springfield,  Mass. 

"A  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
Christian  origins."— Independent  Gazette,  Phil- 
adelphia. 


GERMAN  LITERATURE. 


ANGELUS  SILESIUS.  A  Selection 
**  from  the  'Rhymes  of  a  Seventeenth 
Century  German  Mystic.  Translated  in  the 
original  meter,  with  introduction.  Pages, 
xxxiii,  174.  Cloth,  blue  and  gold,  $1.00 
(4s.  6d.). 

Mysticism  is  banished  from  the  domain  of 
science,  but  science  is  not  the  only  mode  of 
approach  to  truth.  There  are  other  avenues 
which  lead  to  the  ideal  realm;  one  is  art, 
the  other  sentiment. 

Art  attempts  to  picture  life  subspecie 
pulchritudinis,  viewing  the  world  in  the 
mirror  of  beauty.  The  mystic,  however, 
is  swayed  by  sentiment;  he  endeavors  to 
feel  the  solution  which  he  deems  too  deep 
for  the  intellect. 

Dr.  Carus  has  again  and  again  opposed 
the  mystic's  claim,  both  in  science  and 
philosophy,  but  he  is  not  for  that  reason  an 
enemy  of  mysticism  per  se.  He  has  ex- 
plained his  views  on  the  subject  in  an  article 
on  mysticism,  which  appeared  in  The  Mon- 
ist,  XVIII,  75,  and  his  appreciation  of 
mystic  thought  has  led  him  to  translate  a 
selection  of  the  verses  of  Johannes  Scheff- 
ler,  better  known  as  Angelus  Silesius. 

The  preface  of  the  present  edition  con- 
tains a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Angelus  Silesius 
with  a  few  illustrations,  and  the  English 
translation  is  accompanied  by  the  German 
text. 


A  poet 
of 

religious 
mysticism. 


Truth  and 
error  in 
Mysticism. 


66 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Humor 

and 

philosophy. 


Goethe  and 
Schiller  in 
collabora- 
tion. 


CD  WARD'S  DREAM.  The  Philosophy 
^  of  a  German  Humorist.  Translated 
and  edited,  with  introduction,  by  Dr.  Carus. 
Pages,  75.  Cloth,  red  and  gold,  $1.00  (45. 
6d.). 

Humor  as  a  rule  appears  frivolous  and 
flippant  to  the  narrow-minded  bigot  who 
glories  in  vinegar  and  scowls  at  the  silver 
ring  of  a  laugh  as  an  impious  demonstra- 
tion. But,  after  all,  the  roots  of  humor  go 
down  into  the  most  secret  recesses  of  the 
human  heart  and  are  nourished  by  thoughts 
of  a  broad  and  profound  comprehension  of 
life. 

Wilhelm  Busch's  humorous  writings  are 
the  expression  of  a  world-conception  which 
teaches  us  to  smile  at  the  ills  of  life.  He 
has  reached  this  point  of  view  by  rising 
above  himself  and  by  looking  down  upon 
the  world  from  a  standpoint  of  good- 
natured  and  sympathetic  irony. 

He  has  expressed  his  philosophy  in  a  lit- 
tle book  called  Edward's  Dream,  the  sub- 
stance of  which  is  here  presented.  It  is  a 
product  of  German  humor,  but  its  place  in 
the  library  is  among  the  philosophers. 

QOETHE  AND  SCHILLER'S  XEN- 
IONS.  Selected  and  translated  into 
English.  Bound  in  album  shape  on  heavy 
paper.  Paper  covers.  Pages,  vii,  162. 
Price,  50  cents  (2s.  6d.). 


GERMAN  LITERATURE. 


The  appearance  of  the  Xenions  is  sig- 
nificant in  the  lives  of  both  Goethe  and 
Schiller.  Each  one  of  them  is  the  product 
of  their  common  activity.  Some  of  them 
are  personal  and  satirical,  while  others  in- 
corporate in  the  terse  form  of  a  distich, 
profound  thoughts  or  far-reaching  moral 
principles.  The  latter  class,  containing 
thoughts  of  enduring  worth,  have  been 
selected  here  for  the  sake  of  making  them, 
as  they  deserve  to  be,  a  part  of  English 
literature. 

They  are  translated  in  the  original  meter 
and  with  the  assistance  of  a  preface  consti- 
tute a  good  introduction  to  the  methods  of 
classical  prosody. 


Thoughts  of 

enduring 

worth. 


RIEDRICH  SCHILLER.  A  Sketch  of 
His  Life  and  an  Appreciation  of  His 
Poetry.  Profusely  illustrated.  Pages,  102, 
octavo.  Boards,  cloth  back,  illustrated. 
cover,  75  cents  net  (35.  6d.). 

Schiller,  the  poet,  is  better  known  than 
Schiller,  the  thinker.  The  present  mono- 
graph, which  is  devoted  to  the  biography 
of  Schiller,  dwells  mainly  on  his  philosophy 
as  expressed  in  poems,  which  are  not  so 
well  known  as  they  deserve  to  be. 

"A  strong  character  sketch,  with  critical  ap- 
preciation of  his  work  and  specimens  of  his 
poetry  in  German  and  English  translations, 
makes  this  volume  to  the  Schiller  lover  a  very 


Schiller's 
philosophy 
as  expressed 
in  poems. 


68 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Schiller's 
keen  insight 
into  sham. 


Doctrines 
and  poetry 
of 
Buddhism. 


attractive  book." — Methodist  Book  and  Publish- 
ing House,  Toronto. 

"Schiller's  philosophical  thought,  his  keen 
insight  into  sham  and  pretense,  and  his  heart- 
bracing  utterances  for  freedom,  may  indeed  be 
made  clear  to  all ;  and  Dr.  Carus  has  done 
significant  service.  .  .  .  We  commend  this 
book  heartily." — Christian  Register. 

"This  adequately  illustrated  and  tastefully 
bound  volume  by  Dr.  Paul  Carus  is  an  ad- 
mirable memorial  of  the  recent  Schiller  Cen- 
tenary. In  addition  to  a  biographical  sketch 
we  have  two  thoughtful  essays  by  Dr.  Carus 
on  Schiller  as  a  philosophical  poet  and  on 
Schiller's  poetry.  Both  have  well-chosen  se- 
lections of  considerable  extent,  and  it  was  a 
good  idea  to  present  these  illustrative  excerpts 
in  both  German  and  English." — The  Outlook. 

QOETHE,  HIS  PHILOSOPHY  AND 
^•*  ART.  Book  now  in  preparation,  with 
numerous  rare  illustrations.  For  contents 
see  article  list  under  "Goethe." 

BUDDHISM. 

THE  DHARMA.  Or  the  Religion  of 
Enlightenment,  An  Exposition  of  Bud- 
dhism. Fifth  edition.  Revised  and  en- 
larged. Pages,  xii,  167.  Price,  25  cents 
(is.). 

The  Dharma  is  a  systematic  exposition 
of  Buddhist  doctrines,  containing  quota- 
tions of  the  typical  tenets  formulated  in 
Twelve  Articles,  an  outline  of  the  Abi- 
dharma,  the  Buddhist  philosophy,  and  ex- 


BUDDHISM. 


69 


planations  refuting  some  popular  errors. 
Not  the  least  noteworthy  is  a  collection  of 
gems  of  Buddhist  poetry.  The  book  is 
heartily  recommended  and  indorsed  by 
leading  Buddhist  priests  of  different  coun- 
tries. 

"A  compact  and  comprehensive  exposition  of 
Buddhism."  —  Boston  Globe. 

"If  you  wish  to  see  truth  in  simplicity,  study 
this  exposition  of  Buddhism.  You  will  be 
ashamed  to  call  yourself  Presbyterian,  or  Meth- 
odist, or  Baptist,  and  wish  that  you  might  be 
a  true  and  sincere  Buddhist.  .  .  Truth  de- 
rived from  Buddhism  enables  us  to  understand 
the  Prophets  and  the  Gospels  aright."  —  Occult 
Truths,  Washington. 


GOSPEL  OF  BUDDHA.    Eleventh 
edition.    Pages,  xvi,  275.    Cloth,  $1.00 


German  edition  of  the  same,  entitled, 
Das  Evangelium  Buddhas.  Pages,  352. 
Cloth,  $1.25  (5  marks). 

The  sacred  books  of  Buddhism  are  very 
voluminous,  and  the  Scriptures  referring  to 
the  life  of  its  founder  have  never  been  sys- 
tematically compiled.  Soon  after  the  Relig- 
ious Parliament,  when  Dr.  Carus  had  been 
thrown  into  contact  with  living  representa- 
tives of  this  remarkable  faith,  he  undertook 
this  long-needed  work,  and  he  did  it  in  a 
conservative  as  well  as  sympathetic  way, 
arranging  translations  of  the  several  sources 
of  the  life  of  the  Buddha  in  one  connected 


Buddha's 
life  from 
Buddhist 
sources. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Used  in 
temples 
and 

schools  in 
Japan. 


"God  has 
nowhere  left 
Himself 
without 
witness." 


narration,  introducing  his  doctrines,  to- 
gether with  the  occasions  on  which  they 
were  taught.  The  book  has  proved  an  un- 
paralleled success,  for  it  has  become  an  au- 
thoritative book  with  the  Buddhists.  It  is 
used  in  temples  and  schools  in  Japan,  Cey- 
lon and  other  Buddhist  countries,  and  has 
been  translated  into  Chinese,  Japanese  (two 
translations),  Urdu,  Bengali,  Teluga,  Si- 
amese, Tamil,  Malay,  etc. ;  further,  into 
German,  Dutch,  French  and  Spanish. 

"The  book  will  help  its  readers  to  a  clearer 
conception  of  the  character  of  the  sweetest  of 
the  pagans." — Chicago  Evening  Post. 

"In  addition  to  a  very  luminous  and  sug- 
gestive preface,  Dr.  Carus  furnishes  a  table 
of  references,  showing  at  an  eye-glance  the 
sources  of  his  extracts  and  the  parallelism  in 
the  Gospels.  He  gives  also  a  glossary  of 
names  and  terms,  a  method  of  pronunciation 
and  a  good  index.  The  simplicity  of  this 
presentation,  the  freedom  of  the  text  from 
notes  or  uncouth  and  outlandish  diacritical 
points,  and  the  general  arrangement  of  the 
work,  are  admirable.  .  .  It  is  admirably  fitted 
to  be  a  handbook  for  the  single  reader  or  for 
classes." — The  Critic. 

"A  volume  which  many  readers  will  find  full 
of  fascinating  interest.  .  .  Read  with  a 
pretty  wakeful  discrimination,  this  is  a  book 
which  is  fitted  to  widen  one's  thoughts  as  to 
the  religious  nature  of  man  everywhere ;  to 
convince  one  of  the  truth  that  God  has  nowhere 
left  Himself  without  witness." — The  Advance. 

"Dr.  Carus'  book  is  one  which  will  be  ap- 
preciated by  many  a  student  of  the  religions 


BUDDHISM. 


A 

Buddhist 
Bible. 


of  the  world,  who  will  find  here  the  best 
thoughts  of  the  great  Oriental  faith  put  into 
readable  shape  by  a  clever,  a  learned  and  a 
sympathetic  scholar."  —  Secular  Thought. 

"A  series  of  chapters  of  extracts  from  the 
words  of  Buddha,  from  what  for  the  Buddhist 
corresponds  to  our  Bible,  so  to  express  it. 
Many  chapters  are  beautiful  in  form  and  noble 
in  sentiment.  It  is  not  offered  in  hostility  to 
Christianity,  but  for  study  in  connection  with 
the  latter  and  in  the  hope  of  promoting  spiritual 
reflection."  —  The  Congregationalism 

"The  book  furnishes  very  pleasant  reading, 
and  we  lay  it  down  with  the  feeling  that  if 
the  Hindus,  and  the  Chinese,  and  the  Japanese, 
who  are  mostly  Buddhists,  conform  their  lives 
to  the  doctrines  taught  by  their  great  masters, 
they  will  fare  well  both  in  this  world  and 
the  next."—  New  York  Herald. 

"The  book  is  undoubtedly  the  best  popular 
work  on  Buddhism  in  the  English  language. 
....  I  think  Dr.  Carus  presents  an  ac- 
curate account  of  Buddhism  in  his  work."  — 
D.  B.  Jayaiilaka,  B.  A.,  Head  Master  Buddhist 
High  School,  Kandy,  Ceylon. 

"I  have  read  the  work  and  like  it  immensely. 
I  shall  use  it  in  our  English  schools."  —  A.  E. 
Buultjens,  B.  A.,  Principal  of  Ananda  College, 
and  General  Manager  of  Buddhist  Schools  at 
Colombo,  Ceylon. 

"It  is  a  perfect  exposition  of  Buddha's  life, 
his  doctrine  and  his  order;  it  is  most  instruc- 
tive and  impressive."—  Translated  from  the  Jio- 
Do-Kioho. 


A 

text  book 

on 

Buddhism. 


DUDDHISM  AND  ITS  CHRISTIAN 
1-1  CRITICS.  New  and  revised  edition. 
Pages,  311.  $1.25  (6s.  6d.).  CONTENTS: 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Buddhism  The  Origin  of  Buddhism;  The  Philosophy 

compared  of  Buddhism;  The  Psychological  Problem; 

with  The   Basic   Concepts   of   Buddhism ;    Bud- 

Christianity,        dhism  and  Christianity;  Christian  Critics. 

Buddhism,  so  important  in  the  history  of 
religion  on  account  of  its  many  parallels 
to  Christianity,  is  greatly  misunderstood  and 
misrepresented.  The  present  book  sets 
forth  in  brief,  but  sufficiently  detailed  out- 
lines, the  origin  of  Buddhism,  its  philos- 
ophy, its  psychology,  and  its  underlying 
world-conception,  contrasting  it  with  Chris- 
tianity, pointing  out  similarities,  discussing 
the  probabilities  of  a  mutual  influence,  and 
finally  criticizing  the  leading  Christian 
critics  of  Buddhism.  Dr.  Cams  shows  a 
sympathetic  attitude  toward  Buddhism, 
without,  however,  opposing  Christianity. 
The  He  pays  considerable  attention  to  the  mis- 

mission  sion  problem,  and  advocates  missions  on 

problem.  both  sides  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  ex- 

change of  thought.  The  church,  that  does 
not  missionarize  is  dead.  Therefore  we 
ought  to  send  out  missionaries,  but  we 
ought  also  be  willing  to  receive  missionaries 
of  another  faith. 

"What  our  author  says  of  missionaries  should 
be  read  and  heeded  by  missionaries  everywhere. 
As  a  study  in  comparative  religion,  as  a  de- 
marcation between  the  abstraction  and  pas- 
sivity of  Buddhism  and  the  activity  and  salva- 
tion-in-struggle  of  Christianity,  Dr.  Cams'  vol- 


BUDDHISM. 


73 


ume  is  admirable.  It  is  hardly  less  so  in  its 
illuminative  description  of  the  origin,  basic 
concepts,  philosophy  and  psychology  of  Bud- 
dhism itself.  The  author's  calm  judicial-mind- 
edness  and  absence  of  mere  sentimentalism 
peculiarly  fit  him  for  the  work." — Outlook. 

"The  enlightened  Buddhist  would  be  helped 
by  it,  and  there  is  not  a  sectarian  Christian 
on  the  planet  who  might  not  be  broadened  or 
softened  by  it.  It  is  a  reconciling  book." — The 
Coming  Day,  London. 

PORTFOLIO  OF  BUDDHIST  ART, 

1  HISTORICAL  AND  MODERN.  Il- 
lustrations of  Representative  Monuments 
and  Other  Pictures.  Thirty-one  plates  and 
descriptive  text.  50  cents,  net  (2s.  6d., 
net). 

This  is  a  collection  representative  of  dif- 
ferent periods  and  types  chosen  almost  at 
random  from  a  wealth  of  innumerable  art 
productions  that  have  originated  under  the 
influence  of  the  Buddhist  religion.  One 
novel  feature  consists  in  the  illustrations  of 
Dr.  Carus's  Gospel  of  Buddha,  painted  by 
Eduard  Biedermann,  who  offers  in  these 
pictures  a  modern  interpretation  of  the 
Buddhist  ideal,  basing  a  Western  treatment 
upon  a  historical  conception. 

CTORIES  OF  BUDDHISM.  A  trilogy, 
^  comprising: 

(a)  KARMA.  A  story  of  Buddhist  eth- 
ics. Illustrated  by  Kwasong  Suzuki.  Amer- 


Influence  of 
Buddhism 
on  Oriental 
art. 


74 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Buddhist 

morality, 

psychology, 

and 

theology. 


Tolstoy's 
recom- 
mendation. 


ican  edition.  Pages,  47.  15  cents  (rod.). 
Japanese  edition.  Quaint  water-color  illus- 
trations. Crepe  paper,  tied  in  silk.  75 
cents  (35.  6d.).  Karma,  eine  buddhistische 
Erzahlung.  German  edition,  with  outline 
illustrations.  Paper,  35  cents  (is.  6d.). 

The  story  of  Karma  drives  home  in  a 
direct  and  forcible  way  the  advisability  of 
good-will  toward  all.  Count  Tolstoy  com- 
mended it  for  both  "its  artlessness  and  its 
profundity."  He  translated  the  story  into 
Russian,  and  hence  was  supposed  in  cer- 
tain retranslations  from  Russian  into 
French,  German,  and  English  to  be  its 
author.  When  he  discovered  the  error,  he 
wrote :  "I  deeply  regret  not  only  that  such 
a  falsehood  was  allowed  to  pass  unchal- 
lenged, but  also  the  fact  that  it  was  a  false- 
hood in  reality,  for  I  should  be  very  happy 
were  I  the  author  of  this  tale.  ...  It 
is  one  of  the  best  products  of  national  wis- 
dom, and  ought  to  be  bequeathed  to  all 
mankind." 

"A  thing  of  rare  beauty.— Boston  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser. 

"Simply  a  gem."— Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
Review. 

"I  read  it  aloud  to  children,  and  they  liked 
it.  And  among  grown-up  people  its  reading 
always  gave  rise  to  conversation  about  the 
gravest  problems  of  life.  And,  to  my  mind, 
this  is  a  very  good  recommendation." — Count 
Leo  Tolstoy. 


BUDDHISM. 


75 


"The  story  puts  the  tangled  and  mysterious 
doctrine  of  Karma  in  such  clear  and  pretty 
lights  that  each  chapter  reads  in  epigram  melo- 
dious as  the  proverbs  and  as  absorbingly  in- 
teresting as  a  fairy  romance." — Chicago  Daily 
News. 

"There  is  nothing  in  the  shape  of  a  holiday 
book  on  the  market  that  so  strongly  appeals 
to  the  intelligent  and  cultivated  reader  as  does 
this  odd  and  beautiful  publication." — The  Amer- 
ican Israelite. 

"The  tale  is  in  Dr.  Carus'  loftiest  vein.  It 
at  once  charms  and  enslaves.  The  reader  is 
held  spellbound  till  the  end  is  reached,  and  he 
rises  a  wiser  and  better  man.  The  tale  is  as 
wholesome  as  it  is  sparkling,  and  as  uplifting 
as  it  is  frank  and  fearless." — The  Gentleman's 
Journal. 

ARTICLE   IN   COMMENT  ON   KARMA. 

Sampietro's  Mother.     By  Dr.  Paul  Carus. 
Open  Court,  XIX,  No.  595,  p.  756. 

(b)  NIRVANA.  A  story  of  Buddhist 
psychology.  Illustrations  by  Kwasong  Su- 
zuki. Pages,  93.  Boards,  60  cents,  net. 

In  the  development  of  its  plot  the  story 
Nirvana  contains  an  exposition  of  Buddhist 
psychology,  together  with  an  explanation 
of  the  Buddhist  view  of  life  after  death. 

Compare  "The  Buddhist  Conception  of 
Death,"  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Soyen  Shaku, 
Mon,  xvii.  I ;  and  the  chapter  entitled 
"Buddhism  and  Oriental  Culture"  in  Ser- 
mons of  a  Buddhist  Abbot,  by  the  same 
author. 


Buddhist 
conception 
of 
immortality. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Buddhist 
wedding 
ceremony. 


The 

Buddhist 
God- 
conception. 


"The  scene  is  in  a  Brahman  village  in  North- 
ern Central  India,  and  reminds  one  of  parts 
of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's  'Jungle  Books.'  There 
is  a  charming  account  of  a  wedding  ceremony, 
after  which  the  wise  men  discourse  of  the 
Tathagata  as  taught  by  a  wandering  disciple 
of  Buddha." — London  Spectator. 

"This  little  book  deserves  translation  into  the 
languages  of  all  countries  where  Buddhism  is 
either  believed  in  or  studied,  for  it  works  on 
the  lines  laid  down  by  the  Pali  originals,  to 
which  (with  commendable  clearness  of  ref- 
erence) it  owes  its  inspiration." — The  Athe- 
nawn,  London. 

(c)  AMITABHA.  A  story  of  Buddhist 
theology.  Pages,  121.  Boards,  50  cents, 
net. 

The  story  of  Amitabha  has  a  historical 
setting  in  the  ascendancy  of  the  kingdom  of 
Gandhara,  under  King  Kanishka,  whose  in- 
terest in  Buddhism  and  whose  connection 
with  Acvaghosha,  the  great  Buddhist  phil- 
osopher, are  well  known.  The  plot  gives 
ample  opportunity  in  discussion  and  inci- 
dent to  explain  and  illustrate  some  of  the 
cardinal  points  of  Buddhism,  especially  in 
regard  to  the  way  of  salvation  and  the  God- 
conception  represented  by  Amitabha  Bud- 
dha, the  Source  of  Infinite  Light  and  the 
Standard  of  Being,  as  distinct  from  the 
Brahman  idea  of  a  conscious  personal 
deity. 

The  frontispiece  is  a  reproduction  of  a 
statue  found  at  Gandhara,  which  is  sup- 


CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 


77 


posed  to  be  the  oldest  Buddhist  statue  now     Influence 
in  existence.     It  is  especially  appropriate  to     of  Greek 
accompany  the  story  of  Amitabha,  for  it     sculptors 
represents  the  influence  of  the  Greek  sculp-     on  Buddhist 
tors  who  in  Kanishka's  reign  "flocked  to     art. 
Gandhara,   transplanting  the  art   of  their 
home  to  the  soil  of  India." 

The  American  editions  of  the  trilogy  will 
be  sent  to  one  address  for  $1.00. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  Japanese 
crepe  edition  of  Karma  is  not  included  in 
this  offer.  If  desired,  add  60  cents  to  above 
offer  to  include  it. 

CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 

CHINESE     PHILOSOPHY.    An     Ex-     Remarkable 
v^  position    of    the    Main    Characteristic     genius  of 
Features  of  Chinese  Thought.     Numerous     founders  of 
diagrams,    native   characters    and    illustra-     Chinese 
tions.     Paper,  25  cents  (is.  6d.).  civilization. 

It  is  a  sketch,  not  an  exhaustive  treatise, 
and  still  less  a  history  of  Chinese  philoso- 
phy. It  purports  to  serve  as  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  intricacies  of  typically  Chinese 
notions,  explaining  their  symbols  and  re- 
vealing their  mysteries  in  terse  and  intelligi- 
ble language.  The  brevity  is  intentional, 
for  the  essay  is  meant  to  give  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  the  Chinese  world-conception. 
While  appreciating  the  remarkable  genius 
exhibited  by  the  founders  of  the  Chinese 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Endorsed 
by  the 
Chinese 
government. 


civilization,  the  author  points  out  the  foibles 
of  the  Chinese  and  traces  them  to  their 
source.  It  is  noteworthy  that  in  spite  of  its 
candid  and  unreserved  criticism,  the  essay 
was  well  received  by  the  Chinese  authori- 
ties  and  was  granted  the  rare  honor  of  be- 
ing  recommended  by  the  Tsung  Li  Yamen 
of  Peking,  the  Imperial  Foreign  Office,  and 
placed  on  file  in  their  archives. 

A  Chinese  scholar  writes:  "When  the 
Tsung  Li  Yamen  voluntarily  certifies  that 
a  Western  scholar  fully  understands  Chi- 
nese philosophy,  and  the  Book  of  Changes 
as  an  incidental  section  of  the  same,  it 
would  be  well  for  those  who  happen  to  be 
interested  in  either  of  these  topics  to  in- 
quire what  he  has  to  say.  .  .  .  Suffice 
it  to  say  that  the  author  has  made  a  pro- 
found, if  not  an  absolutely  incomprehensi- 
ble topic,  to  a  certain  extent,  luminous,  and 
to  an  even  greater  degree,  interesting." 


philosophy 
a  rare 

mixture   of 
,         , 
:eep  thought 

and  idle 
speculations. 


"The  author  gives  in  his  introduction  terse 
and  discriminating  characterizations  of  the  'rare 
mixture  of  deep  thought  and  idle  speculations' 
which  make  up  the  Chinese  philosophy,  and  in 
his  conclusion  expresses  equally  just  opinions 
Of  China's  present  unhappy  helplessness."—/.  M. 
Foster,  Swatow,  China,  in  the  American  Journal 
°f  Theology. 

"Valuable  and  of  unquestioned  reliability. 
The  delineation  of  the  philosophy  that  under- 
lies the  Chinese  civilization  is  so  ably  done  in 
these  pages  that  the  reader  cannot  fail  to  ap- 


CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 


79 


preciate  the  causes  which  produce  Chinese  con- 
servatism."— Toledo  Blade. 

"There  is  no  one  in  America  better  qualified 
than  Dr.  Carus  to  treat  of  this  and  kindred 
subjects.  It  has  been  his  life  study — and  we 
know  of  no  writer  who  can  place  so  abstruse 
a  subject  in  so  interesting  a  form." — The  Com- 
mercial Travelers'  Magazine. 

(CHINESE  THOUGHT.  An  Exposition 
^  of  the  Main  Characteristic  Features  of 
the  Chinese  World-Conception,  being  a 
continuation  of  the  author's  essay,  Chinese 
Philosophy.  Illustrated.  Index.  Pages, 
195.  $1.00,  net  (45.  6d.). 

This  book  contains  much  that  is  of  very 
great  interest  in  the  development  of  Chinese 
culture.  Beginning  in  the  first  chapter  with 
a  study  of  the  earliest  modes  of  thought- 
communication  among  primitive  people  of 
different  parts  of  the  world,  and  tracing 
the  growth  of  the  present  system  of  Chinese 
caligraphy.  In  "Chinese  Occultism"  some 
interesting  Oriental  mystical  ideas  are  ex- 
plained as  well  as  the  popular  methods  of 
divination  by  means  of  trigrams  and  the 
geomancer's  compass.  In  a  special  chapter, 
the  zodiacs  of  different  nations  are  com- 
pared with  reference  to  the  Chinese  zodiac, 
and  also  as  to  a  possible  common  Baby- 
lonian origin.  This  chapter  contains  many 
rare  and  valuable  illustrations  representing 
almost  all  known  zodiacs,  from  those  of 


"Causes 
of  Chinese 
conserva- 
tism." 


Chinese 
system  of 
writing. 


Oriental 
methods 
of 
divination. 


8o 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Zodiacs  of 

different 

nations. 


Characteris- 
tics  of 
Chinese 
morality. 


Egypt  to  those  of  the  natives  of  the  West- 
ern  hemisphere.  The  influence  of  Con- 
fucius  is  discussed,  and  a  hurried  recapitula- 
tion of  the  most  important  points  in  Chinese 
history  is  given,  together  with  a  review  of 
the  long  novel  which  stands  in  the  place  of 
a  national  epic.  Chinese  characteristics  and 
social  conditions  have  their  place  in  this 
volume,  as  well  as  remarks  upon  the  part 
played  in  China  by  Christian  missions,  and 
upon  the  introduction  of  Western  commer- 
cialism. The  author's  object  is  to  furnish 
the  necessary  material  for  a  psychological 
appreciation  of  the  Chinese  by  sketching 
the  main  characteristic  features  of  the  ideas 
which  dominate  Chinese  thought  and  inspire 
Chinese  morality,  hoping  thereby  to  con- 
tribute  a  little  toward  the  realization  of 
peace  and  good-will  upon  earth.  A  great 
deal  °f  information  concerning  things 
Chinese  is  here  gathered  into  small  compass, 
and  much  of  it  has  been  dug  out  from 
recondite  sources  sometimes  not  easily  ac- 
cessible even  to  sinologists. 

"The  author  is  to  be  commended  on  the 
completeness  and  the  erudition  with  which  he 
has  handled  an  obscure  subject."  —  The  Argonaut. 

"To  all  interested  in  Chinese  and  other  East- 
ern civilization  this  book  will  possess  compel- 
ling fascination,  so  full  is  it  of  careful  research, 
ably  presented,  by  one  of  the  most  competent 
scholars  of  the  age."  —  Courier-Journal,  Louis- 
ville, Ky. 


CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 


81 


"The  essential  sanity  and  goodness  of  the 
Chinese  character  receives  an  appropriate  trib- 
ute, and  its  very  faults  are  set  forth  as  rather 
misapplied  virtues  than  anything  widely  varying 
from  our  own  conceptions  of  right  and  wrong." 
— The  Chicago  Daily  News. 

I  AO-TZE'S  TAO  TEH  KING.  Chinese-  Lao-tze. 
*•"*  English.  With  introduction,  verbatim 
translation  and  notes.  With  a  photo- 
gravure frontispiece  of  the  traditional  pic- 
ture of  Lao-Tze,  especially  drawn  for  the 
work  by  an  eminent  Japanese  artist.  Ap- 
propriately bound  in  yellow  and  blue,  with 
gilt  top.  Pages,  345.  $3.00  (155.)- 

Lao-Tze,  one  of  the  most  profound  sages     A 
in  the  history  of  human  civilization,  who     great 
lived  600  years  B.  C,  and  100  years  before     moral 
Buddha,  left  a  most  remarkable  little  treatise     teacher, 
on  Reason  and  Virtue,  which  is  here  repro- 
duced in  its  Chinese  text,  accompanied  by 
translation  and  explanations  so  as  to  make 
even  minute  shades  of  the  original  accessible 
to  the  English  reader. 


CANON  OF  REASON  AND 
VIRTUE.  Separate  reprint  of  Lao- 
Tze's  Tao  Teh  King,  the  English  transla- 
tion only.  Pages,  75.  Paper,  25  cents 
(is.  6d.). 

"Allow   me   to   congratulate   you   on   your  ca- 
pacity for  seeing  into  millstones." — Rev.  Arthur 


82 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Rev.  A.  H. 
Smith 
of  the 
American 
Board  of 
Missions. 


Accords 
with 

Christian 
sentiment. 


H.  Smith,  American  Board  of  Missions,  Tient- 
sin, China. 

"It  goes  without  saying  that  the  task  of 
obtaining  sufficient  acquaintance  with  the  Chi- 
nese language  to  translate,  under  the  condi- 
tions named,  a  book  like  that  of  Lao-Tze,  is 
a  gigantic  one.  Dr.  Carus'  success  is  little 
short  of  marvelous.  He  frequently  cites  the 
versions  of  others,  and  it  seems  clear  that  Dr. 
Carus  has  succeeded  better  than  Dr.  Legge  or 
Dr.  Chalmers  in  the  passages  where  we  are 
able  to  compare  them — a  very  remarkable  fact, 
indeed."— North  China  Herald. 

"I  thank  you  heartily  for  your  kindness  in 
sending  me  a  copy  of  your  fine  translation  and 
critical  exposition  of  Lao-Tze's  Tao  Teh  King. 
It  was  years  ago  that  I  read  it.  Your  pub- 
lication of  the  Chinese  text  will  be  highly  ap- 
preciated by  all  who  want  to  make  a  study  of 
the  philosopher.  As  I  read  the  text  and  then 
the  translation,  I  am  astonished  how  well  you 
kept  the  original  terseness  and  severe  brevity 
in  English."— Professor  S.  Watase. 

"Nothing  like  this  book  exists  in  Chinese  lit- 
erature; so  lofty,  so  vital,  so  restful.  .  .  . 
We  have  compared  this  translation  with  three 
others— two  English,  one  German — and  have  no 
hesitation  in  saying  it  is  the  most  satisfactory 
and  serviceable  as  well  as  least  expensive  now 
accessible  to  the  public.  The  bright  cover  of 
yellow  and  blue  is  very  appropriate  and  sug- 
gestive of  the  Celestial  Kingdom."— The  Hart- 
ford Post. 

"The  Canon  contains  much  that  is  in  accord 
with  Christian  sentiment,  though  written  before 
the  time  of  Jesus.  It  is  exceedingly  interest- 
ing as  showing  that  truth  is  the  same  for  all 
time  and  by  whomever  presented."— The  Toledo 
Blade. 


CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 


"T'AI-SHANG  KAN-YING  P'lEN.  Trea- 
*•  tise  of  the  Exalted  One  on  Response 
and  Retribution.  Translation  from  the  Chi- 
nese by  Teitaro  Suzuki  and  Dr.  Paul  Carus. 
Containing  Chinese  Text,  Verbatim  Trans- 
lation, Explanatory  Notes  and  Moral  Tales. 
Edited  by  Dr.  Paul  Carus.  16  plates. 
Pages,  135.  Boards,  75  cents,  net. 

The  book  contains  a  critical  and  descrip- 
tive introduction,  and  the  entire  Chinese 
text  in  large  and  distinct  characters,  with 
the  verbatim  translation  of  each  page  ar- 
ranged on  the  opposite  page  in  correspond- 
ing vertical  columns.  This  feature  makes 
the  book  a  valuable  addition  to  the  number 
of  Chinese-English  text-books  already  avail- 
able. The  text  is  a  facsimile  reproduction 
of  Chinese  texts  made  in  Japan  by  Chinese 
scribes. 

After  the  Chinese  text  follows  the  Eng- 
lish translation,  giving  references  to  the 
corresponding  characters  in  the  Chinese 
original,  as  well  as  to  the  explanatory  notes 
immediately  following  the  English  version. 
These  are  very  full  and  explain  the  sig- 
nificance of  allusions  in  the  Treatise  and 
compare  different  translations  of  disputed 
passages.  This  is  the  first  translation  into 
English  directly  from  the  Chinese  original, 
though  it  was  rendered  into  French  by 


China's  most 
popular 
religious 
book. 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Stanislas  Julien,  and  from  his  French  edi- 
tion into  English  by  Douglas. 

"Presents  some  startlingly  impressive  moral 
injunctions." — Chicago  Evening  Post. 

"A  document  of  the  first  interest." — Chicago 
Daily  News. 

N  CHIH  WEN.  The  Tract  of  the 
Quiet  Way.  With  extracts  from  the 
Chinese  commentary.  Translated  by  Tei- 
taro  Suzuki  and  Dr.  Paul  Carus.  Pages, 
48.  25  cents,  net. 

This  is  a  collection  of  moral  injunctions 
which,  among  the  Chinese,  is,  perhaps,  sec- 
ond only  to  the  Kan-Ying  P'ien  in  popu- 
Translated          larity,  and  yet,  so  far  as  is  known  to  the 
for  the  publishers,  this  is  the  first  translation  that 

first  time.  has  been  made  into  any  Occidental   lan- 

guage. It  is  now  issued  as  a  companion 
to  the  T'ai-Shang  Kan-Ying  P'ien,  although 
it  does  not  contain  either  a  facsimile  of  the 
text  or  its  verbatim  translation.  The  origi- 
nal consists  of  the  short  tract  itself,  which 
is  here  presented,  of  glosses  added  by  com- 
mentators, which  form  a  large  part  of  the 
book,  and  finally  a  number  of  stories  similar 
to  those  appended  to  the  Kan-Ying  P'ien. 
The  translator's  notes  are  of  value  in  justi- 
fying certain  readings  and  explaining  allu- 
sions, and  the  book  is  provided  with  an 
index.  The  frontispiece,  an  artistic  outline 
drawing  by  Shen  Chin-Ching,  represents 


CHINESE  SUBJECTS. 


Wen  Ch'ang,  one  of  the  highest  divinities 
of  China,  revealing  himself  to  the  author 
of  the  tract. 

The  motive  of  the  tract  is  that  of  prac-     Chinese 
tical  morality.     The  maxims  give  definite     maxims   of 
instructions  in  regard  to  details  of  man's      universal 
relation    to  society,  besides    more  general     ethical 
commands  of  universal  ethical  significance,     significance, 
such  as  "Live  in  Concord,"  "Forgive  Mal- 
ice" and  "Do  not  assert  with  your  mouth 
what  your  heart  denies." 

"Nothing  is  left  undone  to  render  these  ven- 
erable and  interesting  booklets  intelligible  and 
attractive.  The  form  in  which  they  are  issued 
does  credit  to  the  translators,  to  the  editor,  and 
to  the  publisher.  We  could  scarcely  be  taught 
more  impressively  how  ineffaceably  God  has 
written  His  law  on  the  human  heart." — Prince- 
ton Theological  Review. 

pHINESE  LIFE  AND  CUSTOMS. 
^  With  illustrations  by  Chinese  artists. 
Pages,  114.  75  cents,  net  (33.  6d.,  net). 

This  book  is  little  more  than  a  compila-      Chinese 
tion  of  Chinese  illustrations,   accompanied      customs 
with  only  as  much  text  as  will  suffice  to     pictured  by 
explain  them,  and  what  further  material  has      Chinese 
been  added  is  merely  in  the  way  of  quota-      artists, 
tions  from  Chinese  literature.     The  inten- 
tion is  to  make  the  Chinese  people  charac- 
terize   themselves    by    word    and    picture. 
Child    rhymes,  love    lyrics  and    songs   of 
revelry  are  introduced  in  translations  from 


86 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


Chinese  poetry  which  is  recognized  as 
classical.  The  illustrations  which  form  the 
great  body  of  the  book  are  from  the  most 
authentic  sources  of  information  concern- 
ing modern  life  in  China,  unaffected  by 
aggressive  Occidental  foreigners.  The  book 
is  divided  into  chapters  on  "Annual  Fes- 
tivities," "Industries  and  Foreign  Rela- 
tions," "Confucianism  and  Ancestor  Wor- 
ship," "Taoism  and  Buddhism,"  "Child- 
hood and  Education,"  "Betrothal  and  Mar- 
riage," "Social  Customs  and  Travels," 
"Sickness  and  Death." 

"A  unique  book."— Louisville  Courier- Journal. 

"A  simple  presentation  of  the  realities  of 
things  unmixed  with  any  theorizing.  .  .  The 
numerous  illustrations  are  genuine  specimens 
of  Chinese  art,  full  of  quaintness  and  some- 
times of  quiet  humor." — Glasgow  Daily  Herald. 

"With  each  of  the  reproduced  illustrations 
goes  the  explanation  needed  for  complete  un- 
derstanding, whether  the  picture  be  one  of  the 
gods,  of  the  celebration  of  a  religious  festival, 
of  the  planting  of  rice,  or  of  boys  in  school. 
In  this  way  nearly  the  whole  of  the  life  of 
the  Chinese  people  finds  exposition,  and  the 
western  man  can  follow  his  eastern  cousin  into 
his  home  and  through  his  entire  days  on  earth 
with  ready  comprehension." — Chicago  Daily 
News. 


Quaintness 
of  Chinese 
humor 


"To  understand  all  is  to  forgive  all,"  may 
well  be  said  after  reading  this  interesting  rec- 
ord of  the  kinship  of  all  humanity."—  The 
Sketch  Book. 


POETRY  AND  FICTION. 


f)E  RERUM  NATURA.  A  Poem  on 
*^  the  Nature  of  Things.  German  edi- 
tion, 25  pages.  English  edition,  17  pages. 
Parchment,  25  cents  (is.).  Paper,  15 
cents. 

The  world  problem  has  always  been  a     Poem 
fascinating    theme    for    poet-philosophers,     on  the 
The  title,  De  Rerum  Natura,  is  taken  from     World 
a  treatment  of  the  same  subject,  written  by     Problem, 
another    Carus     (Titus     Lucretius).     But 
while   the   poet-philosopher  of  the  golden 
age  of  Latin  literature  has  written  a  pon- 
derous   and    argumentative    discourse,    his 
modern  follower  is  terse,  and  attempts  to 
express  only  the  sentiments  of  the  modern 
science-molded   man,    in   contemplation   of 
the  Great  All,  of  the  soul  and  its  destiny. 

The  poem  was  originally  published  in  the 
Philosophische  Monatshefte.  An  English 
translation  of  the  above  has  been  made  by 
Charles  Alva  Lane  in  collaboration  with  the 
author. 

"To  me  your  poem  is  a  song  that  thrills 
with  genuine  loftiness  and  grandeur;  a  romance 
recounting  in  rhythmic  cadences  and  in  rev- 
erential spirit  the  tale  of  the  All-Soul.  It  con- 
demns nothing  but  that  which  is  out  of  place, 
such  as  ignorance  and  superstition,  etc.,  and 
these  are  not  condemned,  but  merely  disproved." 
— Dr.  T.  T.  Blaise,  Mason  City,  Iowa. 

"A  noble  poem,  whose  rugged  music  kindles 
enthusiasm  in  the  search  for  the  mighty  god- 
dess, Truth." — Literary  Critic,  Chicago. 


88 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


QODWARD.  A  Record  of  Religious 
^-*  Progress.  Pages  26,  30  cents  (2S. 
6d.). 

This  is  a  collection  of  short  poems  reflect- 
ing the  author's  religious  development  from 
orthodox  Christianity  through  infidelity  to 
a  new  and  positive  faith  on  broader,  more 
philosophical  and  truer  grounds.  Most  of 
these  poems  were  originally  written  in  Ger- 
man, but  have  been  rewritten  by  the  author 
to  express  the  same  thoughts  in  the  lan- 
guage of  his  new  home. 


A  spiritual 
autobiog- 
raphy 
in  verse. 


Hymns  of 
the  new 
interpretation 
of  religion. 


"This  little  book  of  verse  is  a  spiritual  auto- 
biography. .  .  It  is  a  surer  testimony  of  the 
certitudes  of  religion  than  that  of  those  who 
never  doubted." — M.  E.  Magazine  and  Review. 

SACRED  TUNES  FOR  THE  CONSE- 
CRATION OF  LIFE.  Hymns  of  the 
Religion  of  Science,  with  Musical  Accom- 
paniment. Pages,  48.  50  cents  (2s.  6d.). 
This  is  a  collection  of  hymns  where  the 
new  interpretation  of  religion  is  set  to  some 
of  the  most  beautiful  chorals  and  hymns. 
It  contains  a  new  version  of  "Nearer,  My 
God,  to  Thee,"  and  also  a  Bridal  Song  for 
Marriage  Ceremonies,  and  several  Funeral 
Anthems. 

"The  spirit  of  the  poems  is  devout.  The 
writer  is  sincere  and  honest.  There  is  much 
that  is  beautiful,  and  true,  and  good." — M.  E. 
Book  and  PublisMng  House,  Toronto. 


POETRY  AND  FICTION.  89 

-THE  CROWN  OF  THORNS.    A  Story 
*•    of  the  Time  of  Christ.     Illustrated  by 
Eduard    Biedermann.     Pages,    73.     Cloth, 
75  cents,  net  (35.  6d.,  net). 

"The  Crown  of  Thorns"  is  a  story  of  the     An  episode 
time  of  Christ.     It  is  fiction  of  the  charac-     in  the  time 
ter  of  religious  legend,  utilizing  materials     of   Christ, 
preserved  in  both  the  canonical  Scriptures 
and  the  Apocryphal  traditions,  but  giving 
preference  to  the  former.     The  hopes  and 
beliefs    of  the   main   personalities   can   be 
verified   throughout   by    documentary    evi- 
dence.    The  religious  milieu  is  strictly  his- 
torical and  is  designed,  to  show  the  way 
in  which  Christianity  developed  from  Ju- 
daism through  the  Messianic  hopes  of  the 
Nazarenes   as   interpreted  by  the   Apostle 
Paul  of  Tarsus. 

"A  beautifully  written,  well-illustrated  and 
entertaining  little  book." — The  Bookworm. 

"Though  a  short  story,  it  is  one  of  singular 
charm  and  power.  As  a  whole  it  is  a  capital 
instance  of  how  legitimately  and  effectively  for 
the  particular  purpose  in  view,  the  imagination 
may  co-operate  with  the  historic  spirit.  The 
mood  of  the  story  is  pervaded  by  a  sentiment 
of  exceeding  delicacy  and  reverence.  .  .  . 
There  is  not  one  false  note  in  it." — Chicago 
Evening  Post. 

PROS    AND    PSYCHE.    One    of    the 

Quaintest  Stories  of  the  World's  Folk- 

Lore.    Retold    after    Apuleius.    Halftone 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


reproductions,  with  ornamental  borders,  of 
the  famous  illustrations  of  Paul  Thumann. 
Printed  from  pica  type  on  Strathmore 
deckle-edge  paper,  elegantly  bound,  and 
with  classic  cover  design  by  E.  Biedermann. 
Pages,  xv,  108.  Cloth,  $1.50,  net  (6s.). 

This  ancient  Greek  fairy  story  incor- 
porates, in  the  shape  of  a  myth,  the  primi- 
tive religion  of  a  prehistoric  age,  teaching 
the  immortality  of  the  soul.  For  this  rea- 
son, the  early  Christians  frequently  repre- 
sented on  their  sarcophagi,  Eros  and 
Psyche,  together  with  the  good  Shepherd. 
The  present  version,  though  faithful  to  the 
original,  brings  out  the  religious  aspect  of 
the  story. 


A  fairy 
tale  of 
ancient 
Greece. 


The  real 
significance 
of  the  tale. 


"The  Greek  tone  as  well  as  the  Greek  name 
of  the  god  is  sustained  in  this  little  volume, 
which  is  daintily  arranged,  and  beautifully  illus- 
trated by  Paul  Thumann."—  Outlook. 

"Dr.  Carus  is  master  of  a  clear,  flowing 
English  style,  and  tells  in  a  graceful  manner 
this  ancient  story  of  love  and  adventure."  — 
Dominion  Presbyterian. 

"Dr.  Carus  has  brought  out  the  religious 
and  philosophical  leitmotiv  with  more  emphasis 
than  it  possesses  in  the  original.  By  obliterating 
the  flippant  and  satirical  tone  of  the  Greek 
writer  and  adding  a  few  skillful  touches  where 
the  real  significance  of  the  tale  lies,  he  has 
made  a  story  capable  of  giving  religious  com- 
fort and  at  the  same  time  of  delighting  the 
ethical  and  artistic  sense."—  Chicago  Tribune. 


POETRY  AND  FICTION. 


"Lovers  of  the  beautiful  in  mythology  and 
in  the  book-maker's  art  will  be  enraptured  over 
this  charming  little  book.  The  chaste  and 
classical  design  on  the  front  cover  is  in  keep- 
ing with  the  high  art  ideal  maintained  through- 
out. The  story  itself  is  made  more  attractive 
than  ever  by  Dr.  Carus'  discriminating  explana- 
tion of  its  origin  and  symbolism." — Baptist 
Union. 


High  ideal 
of    the 
art  of 
bookmaking. 


"THE  CHIEF'S  DAUGHTER.  A  Le- 
^  gend  of  Niagara.  Rich  photogravure 
illustrations.  Special  initials  and  title  page 
ornaments.  Printed  on  fine  paper  in  large, 
clear  type.  Pages,  54.  Cloth,  $1.00,  net 

(4S.): 

This  Indian  legend,  which  relates  the 
annual  sacrifice  of  a  beautiful  maiden  to 
the  waters  of  Niagara,  has  here  been  made 
the  basis  of  a  tale  of  religious  development 
and  emancipation.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
time  of  the  French  exploration  of  the  North 
and  Middle  West,  and  the  chief  European 
role  is  played  by  the  historic  figure  of 
Father  Hennepin. 

The  lesson  of  the  legend  shows  the  sig- 
nificance of  human  sacrifice  practiced  in 
all  pagan  religions.  The  cruel  ritual  is 
abolished  here  in  the  story  in  a  way  similar 
to  its  abandonment  by  European  nations 
after  the  appearance  of  Christianity. 

"As  a  dainty  and  delicate,  fanciful  and  phi- 
losophical story,  it  is  interesting." — Frederick 
Starr,  in  Unity. 


Indian 
legend  of 
Niagara 
Falls. 


92 


SUMMARIES  OF  BOOKS. 


"A  beautiful  story,  told  in  simple  and  ad- 
mirably chosen  language,  and  with  plenty  of 
pure  and  ingenious  moralizing  between  the  lines 
for  the  reader." — Chicago  Record-Herald. 

"Dr.  Carus  tells  the  legend  with  many  pa- 
thetically romantic  incidents,  in  lucid  and  pret- 
tily adaptable  language,  not  a  word  but  conveys 
a  direct  and  harmonious  meaning.  There's  a 
touch  of  exalted  moralizing  in  the  story,  the 
kind  that  appeals  to  the  heart  as  well  as  to 
the  intellect." — Exchange. 

THE  PHILOSOPHER'S  MARTYR- 
*  DOM.  A  Satire.  Pages  vi,  67. 
Parchment  wrapper.  50  cents,  net  (28.  6d., 
net).  Edition  de  luxe  fully  illustrated  by 
Olga  Kopetsky.  Boards,  $1.00,  net  (45. 
6d.,  net). 

A  satire  A   satire    to  disprove    agnosticism  and 

on  hedonism.     It  ridicules  the  proposition  that 

agnosticism.  the  main  philosophical  problems  are  un- 
solvable  and  shows  in  practical  instances 
that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number  is  by  no  means  always  desirable, 
still  less  a  test  of  moral  conduct.  These 
propositions  are  not  discussed,  but  eluci- 
dated in  a  story  containing  a  series  of 
humorous  events  leading  up  to  the  martyr 
death  of  the  hero  who  gallantly  submits  to 
his  fate  among  the  cannibals  in  faithful 
adhesion  to  his  hedonistic  philosophy. 

"With  the  aim  of  the  well-known  author  we 
find  ourselves  in  hearty  accord.  His  satire  is 
more  than  clever;  it  is  effective." — Princeton 
Theological  Review. 


SUMMARIES  OF  EDITORIAL  ARTICLES 

PUBLISHED    IN 

THE   OPEN    COURT,    AND    THE    MONIST* 
1887-1909. 

ABHIDARMA  OUTLINED.  O.  C.  X,  5107-5109.  Republished 
in  The  Dharma. 

ABOLITION  OF  WITCH  PERSECUTION.  O.  C.  X,  4946- 
4949.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

ABSOLUTE,  THE.  O.  C.  VII,  3594-3596.  Republished  in 
Primer  of  Phil. 

ABSTRACT  IDEAS,  THE  ASSAY  OF.  O.  C.  II,  1422.  Brief 
Note  in  Comment  on  David  Newport's  essay,  "The  Self- 
Evident." 

ABSTRACTION.  O.  C.  VII,  3569-3572.  Republished  in  Primer 
of  Phil. 

ACCAD  AND  THE  EARLY  SEMITES.  O.  C.  IX,  4651-4654. 
Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

ACROPOLIS,  THE.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII,  193-211. 
Briefly  relates  the  history  of  the  stronghold  of  Athens  from 
the  first  settlement  of  the  Pelasgians  in  prehistoric  times  to 
the  despoliation  of  the  friezes  of  the  Parthenon  by  Lord  Elgin. 
The  illustrations  include  a  map  of  the  Acropolis,  views  of  the 
whole  from  different  sides,  and  a  restoration,  besides  details 
showing  portions  of  the  Cimonian  wall,  the  Erechtheum,  temple 
of  Nike  Apteros,  the  Propylaea,  the  Parthenon  restored  and 
in  its  present  condition. 

AGNOSTICISM,  A  DEFENDER  OF.  R.  G.  Ingersoll.  O.  C. 
Ill,  1554.  Brief  note  on  an  article  on  Huxley  by  Ingersoll. 

AGNOSTICISM  AND  AUGUSTE  COMTE'S  POSITIVISM. 
O.  C.  Ill,  1589-1590.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

AGNOSTICISM  AND  MONISM.  O.  C.  Ill,  1893-1894.  In 
reply  to  criticisms  of  Fund.  Prob.  Republished  in  the  Appen- 
dix of.  2d  Ed. 


*See  page  187. 


94  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

AGNOSTICISM  AND  RELIGION.  O.  C.  II,  1042-1048;  1059- 
1063.  A  Discussion  of  the  Controversy  between  the  Rev. 
H.  M.  Field  and  Col.  R.  G.  Ingersoll,  and  of  the  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone's  remarks  with  regard  to  it. 

AGNOSTICISM  IN  THE  PULPIT.  O.  C.  XX,  411-416.  A 
reply  to  the  Rev.  Frank  Crane's  eulogy  on  "The  Cohesive 
Power  of  Ignorance,"  pointing  put  the  dangers  that  lurk  in  this 
prevalent  phase  of  popular  religious  thought. 

AGNOSTICISM,  MODESTY  OF.  O.  C  III,  1990.  In  reply 
to  criticisms  of  Fund.  Prob.  Republished  in  the  Appendix  of 
2d  Ed. 

AGNOSTICISM  OF  MODESTY.  O.  C.  IV,  2148.  In  reply 
to  criticisms  of  Fund.  Prob.  Republished  in  the  Appendix  of 
2d  Ed. 

AGNOSTICISM,  QUESTIONS  OF.  O.  C.  IV,  2686-2688.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

AGNOSTICISM  REVISED,  THE  CASE  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2993- 
2997.  A  discussion  of  the  agnostic  views  of  Mr.  Ellis  Thurtell 
and  Dr.  Lewis  G.  Janes,  followed  by  a  critique  of  Spencerism. 

AGNOSTICISM,  SPENCERIAN.  O.  C.  V,  2951-2957.  Repub- 
lished in  Kant  and  Spencer. 

AGNOSTICISM,  TWO  ERRORS  O:F.  O.  C.  Ill,  1671-1672. 
In  reply  to  Paul  R.  Shipman.  Quotes  Adeline  Pond's  poem 
about  the  Foolish  Child  and  the  Great  Wise  Man. 

AGNOSTICISM.  See  also:  "Argument,  The  Highest  Trump 
in."  "Consolation  of  Errors."  "Death  is  Silent,  but  Life 
Speaks."  "Ghosts  and  the  Belief  in  Ghosts."  "Henism,  The 
Wrong  Method  of."  "Ignoramus  and  Inveniemus."  "Monism 
a  Terminus  of  Thought,  Is  ?"  "Religious  Truth  Possible,  Is  ?" 
"Senses,  The  Limitations  of  Our."  "Words  and  Their  Mean- 
ings." "The  Unknowable." 

AINUS,  THE.  Fully  illustrated.  0.  C.  XIX,  163-177.  A  brief 
sketch  of  the  appearance,  customs  and  beliefs  of  these  inhabi- 
tants of  Yezo,  who,  though  subjects  of  the  Japanese  empire, 
are  obviously  a  white  race.  It  is  illustrated  by  numerous 
photographs  of  the  native  group  who  were  brought  to  the 
St.  Louis  Exposition  by  Prof.  Frederick  Starr. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  95 

ALADDIN'S  LAMP.  O.  C.  XXII,  588-590.  In  comment  on 
Mr.  Tebbetts'  article,  "Once  upon  a  Time,"  in  which  the 
romance  of  childhood  is  praised  and  its  loss  in  later  years 
deplored.  The  present  article  maintains  that  during  the  days 
o£  childhood  its  romance  is  not  apparent,  and  that  children's 
woes  are  to  them  as  great  as  serious  trouble  in  later  years; 
hence  we  should  feel  that  as  life  advances  we  gain  as  much 
or  more  than  we  lose. 

ALIENS  WANTED!  O.  C.  VII,  3759-37°o.  In  comment  on 
the  Chicago  anarchists  and  Gov.  Altgeld's  action. 

ALPHA  AND  OMEGA.  O.  C.  XVI,  620.  A  brief  note  ex- 
plaining that  these  Greek  letters,  often  found  in  the  catacombs 
combined  with  the  chrisma,  probably  represent  a  symbol  older 
than  Christianity. 

ALTGELD'S  MESSAGE,  GOVERNOR.  O.  C.  IX,  4397-4398. 
With  regard  to  the  administration  of  justice,  the  conditions 
surrounding  police  and  justice  courts,  and  the  settlement  of 
labor  troubles. 

AMERICAN  IDEAL,  THE.  O.  C.  V,  2807-2809.  Republished 
in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

AMERICANISM  AND  EXPANSION.  O.  C.  XIII,  215-223. 
A  justification  of  the  government's  assuming  control  of  the 
Philippines,  in  the  light  of  the  history  and  principles  of  the 
United  States. 

AMERICANISM  IN  THE  ROMAN  CHURCH.  O.  C.  XIII, 
253-255-  The  encyclical  of  the  late  Pope  Leo  XIII  was  inter- 
preted by  the  Italian  party  in  the  Church  as  a  condemnation  of 
American  tendencies.  Its  expressions,  however,  were  general 
enough  to  permit  of  a  more  lenient  interpretation  by  Archbishop 
Ireland  and  his  followers  in  America.  This  short  article  presents 
the  position  of  The  Open  Court  on  the  value  and  strength  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  maintains  that  so  long  as  Ameri- 
canism with  its  love  of  freedom,  self-reliance,  and  conscious- 
ness of  responsibility  is  recognized  as  an  influence  in  the 
politics  of  the  Church,  there  is  hope  that  she  may  keep  pace 
with  the  progress  of  Protestant  countries. 

AMITABHA;  A  STORY  OF  BUDDHIST  METAPHYSICS. 
O.  C.  XVI,  415-427;  486-505;  536-549.  Reprinted  in  book  form 


96  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

under  the  same  title.  For  explanatory  comments  see  "Maha- 
yana  Doctrine  and  Art." 

ANANDA  METTEYA.    See  s.  v.  "Maitreya." 

ANARCHISM.  O.  C.  XV,  S79-S8i.  A  short  discussion  of  the 
province  of  law  and  its  relation  to  true  liberty. 

ANARCHISM  AND  SOCIALISM.  O.C.I,  754-  An  appreciative 
resume  of  the  history  of  these  two  opposite  ideals,  showing 
that  either,  by  itself,  would  lead  to  destruction;  and  that  the 
path  of  progress  lies  between  the  two  extremes. 

ANARCHISM,  SOCIALISM  AND.  O.  C.  V,  2856-2857.  See 
s.  v.  "Socialism." 

ANARCHISTS,  A  FEW  WORDS  ABOUT  THE.  0.  C.  IV, 
2538.  See  s.  v.  "Joliet,  A  Visit  to." 

ANARCHISTS.     See   also   "Aliens   Wanted!" 

ANGEL  OF  AUGSBURG.  Agnes  Bernauer.  O.  C.  X,  4901- 
4902.  Republished  in  the  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

ANGELUS  SILESIUS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  291-297.  Re- 
published  in  book  form. 

ANNEXATION  AND  INTERNATIONAL  STEALING.    O.   C. 

VII,   3557-     A  few   comments   on   Gen.   Trumbull's   remarks   on 

the  annexation  of  Hawaii.     See  also  s.  v.  "Expansion,  but  not 

Imperialism." 
ANSCHAUUNG,   WHAT    DOES    IT    MEAN?     Mon.    II,    527- 

532.     Republished   in  Kant  and  Spencer. 
ANTHROPOID    APES.     Fully    Illustrated.      O.    C.    XX,    6-25. 

Republished  in  the  Rise  of  Man. 

ANTI-CHRISTIAN,  NOT.  O.  C.  X,  4936^4937.  In  reply  to 
certain  criticisms  of  The  Open  Court,  mistaking  its  attitude 
on  religion  and  science. 

ANTI-VIVISECTION  MOVEMENT,  IMMORALITY  OF 
THE.  O.  C.  XI,  370-376.  This  article  was  written  to  combat 
the  ill-informed  and  sentimental  exaggerations  of  the  Anti- 
vivisectionists.  We  sometimes  have  to  harden  our  sensibilities 
(as  has  the  medical  student  in  the  dissecting  room),  but  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  let  such  a  hardening  become  rudeness 
or  vulgarity.  No  doubt  the  sentiment  of  compassion  is  good, 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  97 

but  it  easily  leads  to  weakness.  Where  it  hinders  us  from 
being  courageous  in  the  struggle  after  truth,  the  anti-vivisection 
movement  becomes  positively  immoral. 

ANTS,  RELIGION  OF.  O.  C.  VIII,  4076-4078.  Our  conception 
of  God  must  necessarily  be  human,  just  as  other  animals  (if 
they  could  do  so)  would  form  a  God-conception  in  their  own 
image.  This  idea  is  illustrated  in  the  fable  of  the  religion  of 
the  ants,  which  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  retired  German 
professor,  who  finds  that  the  ants'  scripture  begins  with  the 
sentence,  "In  the  beginning  was  the  Arch-Ant." 

ANUBIS,  SETH,  AND  CHRIST.  Fully  Illustrated.  The  Sig- 
nificance of  the  "Spottcrucifix."  O.  C.  XV,  65-97.  Explains 
the  significance  of  Anubis  as  a  guide  of  souls  through  the 
land  of  the  dead;  of  the  Egyptian  Seth  as  identified  with  the 
god  of  the  Semitic  invaders,  being  the  same  as  the  Greek 
Typhon,  the  ass-headed  god;  the  deity  on  the  famous  Spott- 
crucifix is  compared  to  similar  donkey-headed  deities  on  the 
lead  tablets  found  in  the  Via  Appia;  and  it  is  pointed  out 
that  this  interesting  scrawl  is  not  made  in  derision  of  Christ, 
but  is  a  monument  of  the  Sethite  faith,  presumably  drawn 
by  a  Sethite  slave  named  Alesamenos. 

APOCRYPHA  OF  THE  OLD  TESTAMENT.  O.  C.  IX,  4700- 
4702.  Republished  in  altered  form  in  The  History  of  the  Devil. 

ARGUMENT,  THE  HIGHEST  TRUMP  IN.  O.  C.  VI,  3266. 
Republished  in  Twelve  Tales. 

ARISTOCRATOMANIA.  O.  C.  V,  2846-2847.  Republished  in 
Horn,  of  S-ci. 

ART,  CLASSICAL  AND  ROMANTIC.  O.  C.  II,  1095-1098. 
Republished  in  Fund.  Prob.  in  the  two  chapters,  "The  Im- 
portance of  Art"  and  "Classical  and  Romantic  Art." 

ART  IN  JAPAN,  MODERN.  O.  C.  XX,  249.  Brief  note  in 
explanation  of  four  panel  paintings  by  contemporary  Japanese 
artists,  reproduced  as  frontispiece. 

ASCENT  OF  MAN.  Illustrated.  O.  C  XVIII,  178-190.  Re- 
published  in  Rise  of  Man. 

ASHVAJIT'S  STANZA  AND  ITS  SIGNIFICANCE.  0.  C. 
XIX,  178-181.  Republished  in  Dharma. 


98  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

ASSOCIATION  PHILOSOPHY,  THE.  O.  C.  VII,  3611-3612. 
Republished  in  Primer  of  Philosophy. 

ASSYRIAN  POEMS  ON  THE  IMMORTALITY  OF  THE 
SOUL.  O.  C.  XIX,  107-110.  Translation  following  Talbot. 
Beautiful  poems  illustrating  the  Babylonian  belief  in  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul. 

AVATARS,  THE.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C.  XI,  464-482.  Re- 
published  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

AXIOMS.     O.  C.  VII,  3752-3755-     Republished  in  Prim,  of  Phil. 

AZAZEL  AND  SATAN.  O.  C.  IX,  4692-4693.  Republished  in 
Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

BABISM;  A  NEW  RELIGION.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII, 
355-372;  398-420.  An  appreciative  and  historical  sketch  of  the 
youngest  independent  faith  upon  earth,  which,  like  all  other 
great  religions,  originated  in  the  Orient,  and  has  given  promise 
to  play  no  insignificant  part  among  the  religions  of  the  world. 
Babism  believes  in  a  personal  God  and  positive  revelations; 
like  other  faiths  in  their  beginnings  it  has  thrived  on  martyr- 
dom. After  giving  the  history  of  this  faith  in  its  home  in 
Persia,  this  article  is  engaged  in  reviewing  I.  G.  Kheiralla's 
Beha  U'llah,  The  Glory  of  God,  and  a  book  by  Myron  H.  Phelps 
on  Abbas  Effendi,  "The  Master  of  Akka,"  leader  of  one  of  the 
two  great  parties  into  which  the  adherents  of  Babism  split 
after  the  death  of  its  great  exponent,  Beha  U'llah. 

BABYLON,  HEALING  BY  CONJURATION  IN  ANCIENT. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXIII,  65-74.  See  s.  v.  "Healing." 

BABYLONIAN  AND  HEBREW  VIEWS  OF  MAN'S  FATE 
AFTER  DEATH,  THE.  Four  illustrations.  O.  C.  XV,  346- 
366  The  Hebrew  view  of  the  land  of  Sheol,  abode  of  the 
dead,  corresponds  to  the  Assyrian  Sualu.  The  Hebrews  repu- 
diated the  pagan  practice  of  calling  up  the  dead  and  com- 
municating with  them,  which  appears  to  have  been  a  common 
custom  in  Babylon.  Passages  of  the  Old  Testament  are  quoted: 
Job  xix.  25-27,  wrongly  translated  in  the  authorized  version, 
is  explained;  and  the  Babylonian  belief  in  immortality  is  set 
forth  m  translations,  especially  the  poem,  Istar's  Descent  to 
Hell. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  99 


BAD  FOR  ME,  BUT  WORSE  FOR  HIM.  O.  C.  IX,  4509- 
4510.  Comments  on  G.  M.  Steele's  criticism  of  Fund.  Prob. 

BALANCE  OF  THE  HEART.  Illustration.  O.  C.  XXII,  187- 
188.  Brief  note  on  the  Chinese  method  of  keeping  a  record 
of  good  and  evil  deeds. 

BANKING  METHODS,  TENDENCY  OF  PRESENT.  O.  C 
XX,  185-186.  Brief  note  on  decision  of  New  York  and  Chicago 
banks  to  charge  exchange  on  checks  from  smaller  towns. 

BARROWS,  DR.,  IN  PARIS.  O.  C  X,  4911-4912.  Citations 
from  Dr.  Barrows  and  Abbe  Charbonnel  in  1806  on  the  pros- 
pects of  a  Religious  Parliament  in  Paris  in  1900. 

BATTLE  OF  SHIMONOSEKI.  O.  C.  XVII,  303-307.  A  ro- 
mantic incident  of  dynasty  wars  in  Japan,  with  an  illustration 
of  the  ghost-crab,  whose  legendary  story  is  connected  with 
the  feudal  history  of  Japan. 

BEHOLD!  I  MAKE  ALL  THINGS  NEW.  0.  C.  IX,  4343- 
4346.  A  New  Year's  meditation  on  religion,  with  regard  to 
the  reformation  of  Christianity  through  higher  criticism  and 
a  new  orthodoxy. 

BELLIGERENCY  IN  CHRISTIANITY.  Illustrated.  O.  C 
XII,  280-287.  Republished  in  slightly  altered  form  in  Hist,  of 
the  Devil. 

BEN-MIDRASH,  THE  GARDENER  OF  GALILEE.  O.  C. 
V,  3019-3020.  Republished  in  Crown  of  Thorns. 

BERKELEY'S  POSITIVISM.  O.  C.  VIII,  4042-4044.  This 
article,  occasioned  by  a  passage  in  Mr.  T.  C.  Laws's  "Meta- 
physics of  Herbert  Spencer,"  maintains  that,  apart  from  a 
difference  in  method  and  terminology,  Berkeley's  idealism  is 
not  far  from  agreement  with  the  monistic  positivism  of  The 
Open  Court. 

BERNAUER,  AGNES.     See  "Angel  of  Augsburg." 

BHAGAVADGITA,  THE.  O.  C.  XX,  113-118.  A  recent  trans- 
lation by  Professor  Richard  Garbe  of  this  canonical  exposition 
of  Brahmanism,  is  accompanied  by  an  illuminating  introduction 
in  the  line  of  higher  criticism.  This  article  is  an  extensive 
review  of  Professor  Garbe's  work. 


ioo  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

BIBLE,  THE.  Mon.  X,  41-61.  God  is  not  like  the  pagan 
gods  of  ancient  mythologies;  he  speaks  to  us  in  a  spiritual 
way  by  the  experiences  we  have  in  life  and  in  the  truths 
which  we  learn.  The  Bible,  if  treated  as  a  secular  book,  a 
collection  of  records,  on  the  same  level  with  other  books,  is 
great  and  divine.  But  the  moment  it  is  literally  or  in  any 
special  sense  proclaimed  as  the  word  of  God,  it  becomes  an 
idol  full  of  ugliness  and  abomination. 

BIBLE  AND  FREE  THOUGHT.  O.  C.  II,  953-954-  Repub- 
lished  in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

BIBLE,  FAIRY  TALE  ELEMENT  IN  THE.  Illustrated. 
Mon.  XI,  405-447.  See  s.  v.  "Fairy-tale." 

BIBLE,  PROFESSOR  PEARSON  ON  THE.    O.  C.  XVI,   152. 

Note  on    Prof.    Chas.    W.    Pearson's    essay,    "Open    Inspiration 

versus   a   Closed   Canon   and   Infallible   Bible." 
BIBLE.     See  also  "Old  Testament  Scriptures."     O.  C.  XV,  156- 

175- 
BLISS   OF  A  NOBLE   LIFE.     0.  C.   IX,   4749.     Obituary   of 

•Mr.  Eckley  B.   Coxe. 

BOLTZMANN,  LUDWIG.     O.  C.  XX,  759-76o.     Obituary  Note. 

BONNEY,  CHARLES  CARROLL,  p.  C.  XIV,  4-8;  XVII, 
5I3-5I9-  The  first  of  these  articles  is  a  summary  of  the  life 
and  work  of  the  inaugurator  and  president  of  the  World's 
Parliament  of  Religions  at  Chicago  in  1893,  and  the  second 
is  an  address  of  farewell  spoken  at  his  funeral. 

BONNEY,  MRS.  LYDIA  PRATT.  XVII,  37-51.  A  tribute 
to  Mrs.  C.  C.  Bonney  and  her  influence  on  her  husband's 
career,  including  a  series  of  poems  by  Mr.  Bonney,  of  which 
she  was  the  subject 

BRAHMANISM  AND  BUDDHISM,  OR  THE  RELIGION  OF 
POSTULATES  AND  THE  RELIGION  OF  FACTS.  O.  C. 
X,  4851-4854.  The  Vedanta  doctrine  of  the  atman  or  self  is 
here  discussed,  as  well  as  the  Buddhistic  denial  of  the  atman 
theory,  together  with  the  views  of  Shankara,  the  reformer  of 
Brahmanism  and  adversary  of  Buddhism — all  in  relation  to 
modern  psychology. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  101 

BRAIN,  COMPARATIVE  PHYSIOLOGY  O'F  THE,  Illus- 
trated. O.  C.  IV,  2550-2553.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man  and 
in  Psychology  of  the  Nervous  System. 

BRAIN,  THE  THALAMIC  REGION  OF  THE.  O.  C.  IV, 
2269-2272.  Republished  in  Soul  o-f  Man  and  in  Psychology  of 
the  Nervous  System. 

BRIDE  OF  CHRIST.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C.  XXI,  449-464. 
Republished  in  book  form  under  same  title. 

BUDDHA,  CHRISTIAN  CRITICS  OF.  O.  C.  IX,  4475-4478. 
Republished  in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

BUDDHA-GAYA  CASE.  O.  C.  X,  4957-4958.  This  is  a  brief 
account  of  the  difficulties  met  by  the  Maha-Bodhi  society  and 
sympathizers  in  trying  to  establish  a  Buddhist  center  at  Buddha - 
Gaya  which  might  serve  as  a  sacred  place  for  devout  Bud- 
dhist pilgrims.  These  facts  are  accompanied  by  observations 
tending  to  console  the  disappointed  enthusiasts  with  the  thought 
that  religion  does  not  consist  in  keeping  sacred  certain  days, 
places,  or  relics,  and  that  there  is  but  little  satisfaction  in  the 
possession  of  a  sacred  place  situated  in  a  country  of  un- 
believers. 

BUDDHA  OF  KAMAKURA,  THE.  Illustrated.  0.  C.  XXIII, 
3O7-3I3-  A  description  with  photographic  illustrations  of  the 
Kamakura  and  Nara  Buddhas,  two  of  the  most  interesting 
colossal  statues  of  Buddhism. 

BUDDHA  PICTURES  AND  STATUES.  Fully  illustrated. 
O.  C.  XII,  337-352.  Many  of  the  illustrations  have  been 
reproduced  in  the  Portfolio  of  Buddhist  Art.  Besides  explan- 
atory details  about  the  pictures,  the  article  takes  up  the  analogy 
between  Buddhist  and  Christian  ideas  of  Paradise. 

BUDDHA,  THE  TEMPTATION  OF.  O.  C  XIX,  46.  Brief 
note  relating  the  three  temptations  of  the  Bodhisattva  before 
he  attained  Buddhahood. 

BUDDHA'S  HYMN  OF  VICTORY,  THE.  O.  C.  XIX,  46-49. 
Gives  Pali  original  and  transcription,  together  with  literal  and 
poetical  translations  into  English  by  A.  J.  Edmunds,  Professor 
Lanman  and  also  a  new  one  by  the  author,  set  to  music 
adapted  from  a  German  choral. 


I02  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

BUDDHISM  AND  CHRISTIANITY.  Mon.  V,  65-103.  Re- 
published  in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

BUDDHISM  AND  THE  RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE.  O.  C. 
X,  4844-4845.  In  answer  to  Mr.  T.  B.  Wakeman's  objections 
to'  the  author's  article,  "Goethe  a  Buddhist." 

BUDDHISM,  CHARLES  GUTZLAFF  ON.  O.  C.  X,  4820-4821. 
Republished  in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

BUDDHISM,  HINDUISM  DIFFERENT  FROM.  O.  C.  XX, 
253-254.  See  s.  v.  "Hinduism  Different  from  Buddhism." 

BUDDHISM  IN  ITS  CONTRAST  WITH  CHRISTIANITY, 
as  viewed  by  Sir  iMonier  Monier-Williams.  O.  C.  X,  4783- 
4789.  Republished  in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

BUDDHISM  INTO  JAPAN,  INTRODUCTION  OF.  O.  C. 
VIII,  4321-4326.  A  review  of  the  history  of  this  most  important 
episode  in  the  early  life  of  Japan,  corresponding  in  significance 
to  the  introduction  of  Christianity  in  Europe,  as  given  in  the 
History  of  the  Empire  of  Japan,  which  was  compiled  and  trans- 
lated for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893. 

BUDDHISM,  MYTHOLOGY  OF.  Illustrated.  Monist  VI,  415- 
445.  Republished  in  History  of  the  Devil. 

BUDDHISM,  ON  THE  PHILOSOPHICAL  BASIS  OF  CHRIS- 
TIANITY IN  ITS  RELATION  TO.  Monist  VIII,  273-288. 
Contains  extracts  from  early  and  mediaeval  Christian  literature 
bearing  on  the  philosophical  import  of  the  soul.  These  extracts 
are  from  the  collection  of  Prof.  Rudolph  Eucken  of  Jena  and 
include  quotations  from  Eusebius,  Clement  of  Alexandria,  St. 
Augustine,  Scotus  Erigena,  Eckhart  and  Angelus  Silesius. 

BUDDHISM,  PHILOSOPHY  OF.  Monist  VII,  255-286.  Repub- 
lished in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

BUDDHISM,  REVIVAL  OF.  O.  C.  IX,  4525.  A  report  from  a 
Christian  missionary  journal  contradicting  the  impression  of 
many,  that  Buddhism  is  a  moribund  faith. 

BUDDHISM,  THE  RELIGION  OF  ENLIGHTENMENT.  O.  C. 
XVII,  567-568.  See  j.  v.  "Religion,"  etc. 

BUDDHISM  TO  CHRISTIANITY,  MESSAGE  OF.  O.  C.  XX, 
755-758.  Comments  on  the  relation  between  these  two  greatest 
world-religions,  including  quotations  from  Prof.  E.  Washburn 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  103 

Hopkins  to  the  effect  that  Christianity  may  learn  from  Bud- 
dhism the  importance  to  many  people  of  founding  their  formal 
religion  on  a  strictly  criticized  belief. 

BUDDHIST  ART,  GREEK  SCULPTURE  THE  MOTHER  OF. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  306-315.  See  s.  v.  "Greek  Sculpture," 
etc. 

BUDDHIST  CONVERT,  A.  O.  C.  XVI,  250-251-  A  brief 
sketch  of  the  experiences  of  Ananda  Maitreya  (originally  Allan 
McGregor)  and  his  rejection  of  the  doctrines  of  Christianity  in 
favor  of  Buddhism. 

BUDDHIST  POETRY,  GEMS  OF.  O.  C.  XX,  156-167.  An 
English  translation  in  verse  of  about  forty  gems  from  the  Dham- 
mapada,  Sutta  Nipata  and  other  Buddhist  scriptures.  Repub- 
lished  in  The  Dharma. 

BUDDHIST  REAWAKENING  IN  INDIA  AND  CEYLON, 
SYMPTOMS  OF  A.  O.  C.  XII,  511-512.  Report  of  Dharma- 
pala's  Ethico-Psychological  College,  and  of  the  Sanghamitta 
School  for  Girls  in  Colombo,  Ceylon,  and  of  an  increase  of 
prosperity  in  the  Maha-Bodhi  Journal. 

BUDDHIST  SOUL-CONCEPTION,  IMMORTALITY  AND 
THE.  O.  C.  VIII,  4259-4261.  The  similarity  between  the  Bud- 
dhist law  of  Karma  and  denial  of  the  atman,  with  the  monistic 
soul-conception  of  the  religion  of  science,  is  dwelt  upon. 

BUDDHIST  TRACT,  A.  O.  C.  X,  5057-5062.  Republished  in 
Budd.  and  Its  Chris.  Crit. 

BUECHNER,  PROF.  L.,  ON  RELIGION.  O.  C.  II,  065-967.  In 
review  of  a  pamphlet,  and  comment  on  the  definitions  of 
religion  there  stated  or  implied. 

BUSCH,  WILHELM.  O.  C.  XXII,  128,  181-186.  The  first  is  a 
brief  obituary  announcement;  the  second,  accompanied  by  a  por- 
trait, contains  biographical  notes  and  a  discussion  of  the  sig- 
nificance of  humor.  Republished  in  Edward's  Dream. 

BUSCH,  WILHELM,  A  POEM  BY.  O.  C.  XXII,  447-448.  Re- 
published  in  Edivard's  Dream. 

CAABA,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII,  151-153.  Contains  a 
view  of  Mecca  and  of  the  Caaba.  The  worship  of  the  Caaba  is 
a  relic  of  pre-Mohammedan  religion.  See  also  "Stone  Worship." 


104  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

CANAVARRO,  COUNTESS  M.  DE  S.;  A  MODERN  IN- 
STANCE OF  WORLD-RENUNCIATION.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XIII,  111-117. 

CAPITAL  AND  LABOR.  O.  C.  VI,  3258-3260.  In  the  form  of 
an  exchange  of  thought  between  two  workmen  of  a  superior 
type,  this  sketch  develops  the  problems  of  capital  and  labor.  It 
explains  how  certain  conflicts  repeat  themselves  in  history,  and 
why  some  ideals  of  a  definite  settlement  of  the  question  are 
Utopian.  It  is  further  suggested  that  an  improvement  of  con- 
ditions is  taking  place  which  is  nothing  less  than  the  general 
increase  in  wealth  which  will  change  laborers  into  small  capital- 
ists. When  civilization  has  reached  that  stage  the  laborer  will 
be  able  to  look  at  the  problem  from  both  sides. 

CARNERI,  THE  ETHICIST  OF  DARWINISM.  0.  C.  XV, 
641-644. 

CATHARINE  OF  ALEXANDRIA,  SAINT.  Fully  illustrated. 
O.  C.  XXI,  664-677,  727-744.  Republished  in  The  Bride  of 
Christ. 

CAUSALITY,  THE  PROBLEM  OF.  O.  C.  II,  1200-1204.  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Prob. 

CAUSATION,  IS  THERE  ANYTHING  UNKNOWABLE  IN? 
O.  C.  II,  1254-1256.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

CAUSES  AND  NATURAL  LAWS.  O.  C.  II,  1240-1241  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Prob. 

CELESTIAL  LANGUAGE,  GRAMMARIAN  OF  THE.  G.  R. 
Kirchhoff.  O.  C.  II,  782-783.  Kirchhoff's  name  is  connected 
with  that  of  Bunsen  in  the  realm  of  chemical  science.  Perhaps 
their  greatest  service  was  in  the  perfection  of  spectral  analysis. 

CEREBELLUM  AND  PONS.  Illustrated.  0.  C.  IV,  2255-2257. 
Republished  in  Soul  of  Man  and  in  Psychology  of  the  Nervous 
System. 

CHANDRA  DAS  BROTHERS.  O.  C.  X,  4997-4998.  Two  native 
scholars  of  India  and  their  work. 

CHANDRA  THE  PESSIMIST.  O.  C.  VIII,  4107-4108.  Repub- 
lished m  Nirvana. 

CHARITY.     O.  C.  VI,  3307-3308.     Republished  in  Twelve  Tales. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  105 

CHARITY  BALL,  THE.  O.  C.  XXI,  122-123.  Explanatory  note 
on  the  frontispiece,  a  reproduction  of  de  Laubadere's  painting, 
which  exhibits  the  contrast  of  the  charitable  rich  to  the  needy 
poor,  represented  in  the  picture  by  Christ  himself. 

CHASTITY  AND  PHALLIC  WORSHIP.  O.  C.  XVII,  611- 
617.  The  creative  faculty  is  looked  up  to  by  primitive  people 
with  awe,  and  the  figure  which  speaks  of  God  as  the  Father, 
taken  literally,  sanctifies  the  mystery  of  sexual  procreation.  In 
its  original  sense  it  is  by  no  means  obscene,  and  we  find  traces 
of  it  in  the  Bible,  where  the  relation  of  Israel  to  God  is  spoken 
of  as  a  marriage,  and  idolatry  resented  as  adultery.  Some 
ancient  practices  mentioned  by  Herodotus  and  others  are  quoted, 
and  it  is  pointed  out  how  the  sanctification  of  the  sexual  instinct 
is  of  a  religious  nature,  and  this,  in  its  best  sense,  is  true 
chastity. 

CHICKEN  AND  THE  EGG,  THE.  O.  C.  II,  854.  A  short 
article  discussing  the  question  of  priority  and  solving  it  by  stat- 
ing that  neither  the  egg  nor  the  chicken  was  first,  but  living 
protoplasm  which,  under  certain  conditions,  produced  the  egg- 
bearing  hen. 

CHILDREN,  FEW  HINTS  ON  THE  TREATMENT  OF. 
Monist  IX,  234-247.  Republished  in  Our  Children. 

CHILDREN,  MORAL  EDUCATION  OF.  O.  C.  XIII,  176-184. 
Republished  in  Our  Children. 

CHINA  AND  THE  PHILIPPINES.  O.  C.  XIV,  108-110.  Writ- 
ten in  1900,  advocating  an  open-door  policy  in  the  Philippines. 

CHINA,  BETROTHAL  AND  MARRIAGE  IN.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  XX,  740-754.  Republished  in  Chinese  Life  and  Customs. 

CHINA,  FILIAL  PIETY  IN.  O.  C.  XVI,  754-764-  Republished 
in  Chinese  Thought. 

CHINA,  RELIGIONS  OF.  O.  C.  XVII,  622-624.  Explanation 
of  an  old  Chinese  drawing  reproduced,  representing  the  three 
religions  of  China. 

CHINA.     See  also  s.  v.  "Confucius,"  and  "Corea." 
CHINESE  ART.     Illustrated.     O.  C.  XXII,  364-375.     Review  of 
Hirth's  Scraps  from  a  Collector's  Note  Book  and  Giles'  Intro- 
duction to  the  History  of  Chinese  Pictorial  Art.     Contains  com- 
ments  on    Prof.   Giles'   interpretation   of   the    "Three    in   One" 


106  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

medallion;  also  a  further  exposition  of  the  famous  Wu  Tao 
Tze  Nirvana  picture. 

CHINESE  EDUCATION  ACCORDING  TO  THE  "BOOK  OF 
THE  THREE  WORDS."  O.  C.  IX,  4567-4573.  Translation 
of  this  famous  educational  classic,  preceded  by  some  general 
remarks  on  Chinese  civilization  and  literature. 

CHINESE  FABLE,  A.  O.  C.  IX,  4622.  A  short  fable,  on  which 
is  founded  the  Chinese  proverb,  "When  the  bittern  and  the  mus- 
sel fall  out,  the  fisherman  gains  a  prize." 

CHINESE  LIFE  AND  CUSTOMS.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C. 
XX,  545-5<54,  587-615,  668-684.  Republished  in  book  form  under 
the  same  title. 

CHINESE  OCCULTISM.  Illustrated.  Monist  XV,  500-554. 
Republished  in  Chinese  Thought. 

CHINESE  PHILOSOPHER,  GRAVE  OF  A.  Illustrated.  O.  C 
XXII,  695-700.  A  sketch  of  the  life  and  philosophy  of  Chou 
Fu  Tsz,  supplementing  the  account  given  in  Chinese  Philosophy. 

CHINESE  PHILOSOPHY.  Illustrated.  Monist  VI,  188-249. 
Republished  in  book  form. 

CHINESE  PROBLEM,  THE.    Fully  illustrated.    O.  C.  XV,  608- 

623.    Republished  in  somewhat  altered  form  in  Chinese  Thought. 

CHINESE    SCRIPT    AND    THOUGHT.      Illustrated.      Monist 

XV,  271-293.     Republished  in  Chinese  Thought. 

CHRISMA  AND  THE  LABARUM.     Fully  illustrated.     O.   C. 

XVI,  428-439.     The   Chrisma  or   Christogram   was  the   favorite 
Christian  emblem  in  the  fourth  century.     Its  use  is  a  Christian 
interpretation  of  a  pagan  symbol,  known  as  the  "labarum."   Con- 
stantine  made  use  of  it  before  his  conversion.     Here  the  various 
probabilities  of  its   origin  are  discussed  in  connection  with  the 
many  associations  in  which  it  has  been  used. 

CHRIST,  A  MODERN.  Harold  Brodrick.  O.  C.  VII,  3545- 
3547-  An  account  of  one  of  many  insane  pretenders  to  the 
divine  Sonship,  but  one  of  greater  interest  than  most.  He 
wrote  a  book  containing  much  that  is  appealing  and  much  that 
is  beautiful,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  we  have  not  a  care- 
ful scientific  study  of  the  pathology  of.  his  case. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  107 

CHRIST  AND  CHRISTIAN.  O.  C.  XXII,  110-118.  This  article 
discusses  the  following  topics :  Christ  and  Messiah,  Christos 
and  Chrestos,  Christ  and  Krishna,  The  Saviour  Idea  of  Pagan 
Origin,  No  Exact  Hebrew  Equivalent  for  the  Word  Saviour, 
Nazarene,  the  Name  Christian,  which  latter  is  a  late  Latin  form 
of  the  second  century.  In  The  Open  Court  this  title  is  errone- 
ously printed  to  read  "Christ  and  Christians." 

CHRIST  AND  THE  CHRISTIANS.  A  Contrast.  O.  C.  VII, 
3696-3700.  Republished  in  The  Religion  of  Science. 

"CHRIST,"  DERIVATION  OK  O.  C.  XXII,  376-377.  A  brief 
note  supplementing  "Christ  and  Christian"  and  in  comment  on 
the  Hon.  Willis  Brewer's  Egyptian  derivation  of  the  word. 

THE  CHRIST-IDEAL  AND  THE  GOLDEN  AGE.  O.  C.XXII, 
328-339.  Containing  a  metrical  translation  of  Virgil's  Fourth 
Eclogue  written  in  40  B.  C.,  which  reads  like  a  prophecy  of  the 
coming  of  the  Saviour.  The  poem  is  explained  and  the  views 
about  the  expected  saviour  illustrated  by  other  incidents  of  the 
time.  Inscriptions  call  Augustus  the  Saviour,  and  Tiridates  of 
Persia  visited  Nero  the  Roman  emperor  because  he  had  heard 
that  the  Saviour  had  appeared  on  earth. 

CHRISTIAN  AND  BUDDHISTIC  SENTIMENTS.  O.  C.  X, 
4828.  Republished  in  Bud.  and  Its  Chris.  Crit. 

CHRISTIAN  CRITICS  OF  BUDDHA.  O.  C.  IX,  4475-4478, 
4483-4485.  Republished  in  Bud.  and  Its  Chris.  Crit. 

CHRISTIAN  MISSIONS.  Mon.  V,  274-281.  A  debate  before 
the  Nineteenth  Century  Club  of  New  York,  with  J.  M.  Thoburn 
and  R.  Gandhi. 

CHRISTIAN  MISSIONARIES  IN  THIBET,  FIRST.  Illus- 
trated. O.  C.  XII,  418-435.  Comprising  mainly  quotations  from 
Hue  and  Gabet's  Travels  in  Tartary,  Thibet  and  China. 

CHRISTIAN  SCIENCE  AND  THE  REASON  OF  ITS 
STRENGTH.  Monist  XVII,  200-208.  The  Christian  Science 
movement  is  the  revival  of  a  belief  based  upon  certain  experi- 
ences and  to  some  extent  justified  by  the  remarkable  events  that 
have  happened  again  and  again  under  all  zones  and  in  all  ages. 
Such  beliefs  crop  out  spontaneously  whenever  they  are  needed, 
and  will  disappear  again  when  they  have  done  their  work.  The 
significance  of  self-discipline  and  the  power  of  mind  has  been 


Io8  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

unduly  neglected  by  educators,  physicians  and  other  guides  and 
advisers  of  mankind.  To  be  sure,  Christian  Science  has  its  very 
weak  points,  but  it  would  not  exist  had  it  not  a  mission  to 
fulfill. 

CHRISTIAN  SUNDAY,  THE.  O.  C.  XX,  360-366.  A  comment 
on  Dr.  William  Weber's  article  on  the  observance  of  Sunday. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  the  week  is  a  non-Christian  institution, 
and  Sunday  was  celebrated  as  the  day  of  Mithras.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  learn  that  in  some  ancient  calendars  the  Chinese  still 
call  Sunday  by  the  syllable  Mih,  which  is  an  abbreviation  of 
Mithras. 

CHRISTIANITY  AS  THE  PLEROMA.  O.  C  XXIII,  177-188, 
219-230,  263-279.  An  essay  on  the  origin  and  significance  of 
Christianity  published  in  book  form  under  the  same  title. 

CHRISTIANITY  AS  THE  PLEROMA.  Monist  XIV,  120-151. 
This  article  shows  that  the  three  essential  doctrines  of  Chris- 
tianity— (a)  Immortality,  (b)  Vicarious  Atonement,  (c)  God- 
Incarnation — are  pre-Christian.  It  is  pointed  out  how  Christian 
the  spirit  is  of  such  pagans  as  Epictetus,  Marcus  Aurelius  An- 
toninus, and  even  Julian  the  Apostate ;  and  Seneca  has  seriously 
been  claimed  to  be  a  personal  friend  of  St.  Paul.  St.  Anselm's 
reasoning  in  Cur  deus  homo  is  quite  in  line  with  pre-Christian 
religion.  Instances  of  pre-Christian  views  of  vicarious  atone- 
ment are  found  among  savages  such  as  the  Khond  tribe  of 
India.  It  is  not  denied  that  the  nucleus  of  the  Gospels  is  his- 
torical. The  very  passages  which  contain  unfulfilled  prophecies 
as  to  the  second  advent  of  Christ  prove  that  at  least  parts  of 
the  Gospels  are  of  a  very  early  date. 

CHRISTIANITY,  BUDDHISM  AND.  ,Mon.  V,  65-103.  See 
s.  v.  "Buddhism." 

CHRISTIANITY,  CORNER-STONE  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2986-2987. 
This  is  declared  to  be  the  spirit  of  Christ,  which,  however,  is 
rather  to  be  found  in  the  bold  scientific  search  after  truth  than 
in  the  blind  belief  of  obsolete  dogmas. 

CHRISTIANITY,  GNOSTICISM  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO. 
Mon.  VIII,  502-546.  See  s.  v.  "Gnosticism." 

CHRISTIANITY?  HOW  FAR  HAVE  WE  STRAYED  FROM. 
See  s.  v.  Pro  Domo. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  109 

CHRISTIANITY  IN   ITS   RELATION  TO  BUDDHISM,   ON 

THE    PHILOSOPHICAL   BASIS    OF.     Mon.    VIII,   273-288. 

See  s.  v.  "Buddhism." 
CHRISTIANITY  IN  JAPAN.     O.  C.  XX,  55.     A  short  review 

of   an   article    in    a    Japanese   paper    on    Christian    missions    in 

Japan. 
CHRISTIANITY  IN  JAPAN,  HISTORY  OF.    O.  C.  XVI,  690- 

693.     Review  of  a   German  book  on  this   subject  by  the   Rev. 

Hans  Haas. 

CHRISTIANITY,  JEW  AND  GENTILE  IN  EARLY.  Monist 
XI,  267-276.  See  s.  v.  "Jew." 

CHRISTIANITY,  ORIGIN  OF.  O.  C.  XV,  235-241.  Repub- 
lished  in  The  Age  of  Christ. 

CHRISTIANITY,  PAGAN  ELEMENTS  OF,  AND  THE  SIG- 
NIFICANCE OF  JESUS.  Monist  XII,  416-425.  See  s.  v. 
"Pagan." 

CHRISTMAS.  O.  C.  Ill,  1991.  Republished  in  Homilies  of 
Science. 

CHRISTMAS  GIFTS.  O.  C.  I,  669-670.  Remarks  on  the  Christ- 
mas spirit  and  the  right  enjoyment  of  Christmas  gifts. 

CHRISTMAS  SONG,  A  GERMAN.  O.  C.  XXII,  768.  A  new 
English  version  of  O  Tannenbaum. 

CHRISTMAS,   YULE-TIDE  AND.    O.   C.   II,   1367. 

CHURCH  AND  STATE  IN  FRANCE.     O.  C.  XIX,  381. 

CIRCLE-SQUARER,  THE.  O.  C.  VIII,  4121-4125,  4130-4133. 
Republished  in  Twelve  Tales. 

CLASSICAL  AND  ROMANTIC  LITERATURE.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  XIII,  363-373.  Comments  on  Goethe's  "Nature  and  Art," 
including  a  translation  of  the  poem.  The  article  deals  with  lit- 
erary periods  of  "storm  and  stress"  and  the  consequent  reac- 
tions, and  is  illustrated  by  portraits  of  representatives  of  both 
periods  in  German  literature,  with  special  reference  to  their 
connection  with  Goethe. 

CLEAN  MONEY.  O.  C.  XXII,  125-126.  An  endorsement  of  the 
work  done  by  Clean  Money  Clubs  to  prevent  the  circulation  of 
filthy  bills  and  contagion-carrying  coins. 


i  io  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

CLEARNESS,  THE  IMPORTANCE  OF,  AND  THE  CHARM 
OF  HAZINESS.  O.  C.  2923-2925.  Clearness  of  thought,  in 
spite  of  its  paramount  importance,  is  not  always  welcome  when 
it  destroys  a  long-cherished  illusion  which  had  appeared  as 
something  wonderful.  It  then  produces  a  great  disappointment 
in  our  mind.  The  problem  dissolves  into  nothing  and  we  are 
deprived  of  the  awe  that  we  felt  while  thinking  ourselves  in 
the  presence  of  some  unfathomable  mystery.  This  observation 
has  its  application  especially  in  the  religious  field. 

CLERGY'S  DUTY  OF  ALLEGIANCE  TO  DOGMA  AND  THE 
STRUGGLE  BETWEEN  WORLD-CONCEPTIONS.  Mbnist 
II,  278-285.  This  article  shows  how  religion  depends  on  the 
prevalent  world-conception,  and  with  a  change  in  our  world- 
conception  our  religion  becomes  gradually  modified.  Such  modi- 
fications have  taken  place  from  time  to  time;  when,  for  exam- 
ple, the  Copernican  world-conception  replaced  the  old  idea  of 
the  flatness  of  the  earth,  and  at  present  when  the  idea  of  evolu- 
tion renders  our  God-conception  less  childlike  and  more  scien- 
tific. The  article  points  out  that  a  clergyman  need  not  be 
obliged  to  surrender  his  calling  because  of  a  change  in  the 
interpretation  of  religion,  but  may  stay  in  his  place  and  inter- 
pret the  old  in  the  light  of  the  new  without  either  giving 
offense  to  those  who  cling  to  the  old  view  or  becoming  hypo- 
critical. 

CLOCK   OR    THE   WATCHES,    THE.     O.    C.    VI,    3292-3294. 

Republished   in   Twelve   Tales. 
COGNITION,  KNOWLEDGE  AND  TRUTH.     O.  C.   II,   1458- 

1459.    Republished  in  Fundamental  Problems. 
COGNITION,  METAPHYSICAL  "X"   OF.    Monist  V,  510-552. 

See  s.  v.  "Metaphysical." 

COLUMBUS,  CHRISTOPHER.  O.  C.  VI,  3435-3437.  A  sketch 
of  his  life  from  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  showing  that  what 
ever  his  views  concerning  saints  and  the  magical  powers  of 
ecclesiastical  ceremonies,  he  was  a  man  who  had  unbounded 
trust  in  science.  The  famous  painting  "Columbus  Ridiculed"  is 
reproduced  as  a  frontispiece  to  the  first  number  of  Vol.  XXI. 

COMPOSER  IN  THE  PULPIT,  A.  Rev.  O.  H.  P.  Smith,  O.  C. 
XII,  698-699. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  in 


CONCEPTION  OF  THE  SOUL  AND  THE  BELIEF  IN 
RESURRECTION  AMONG  THE  EGYPTIANS,  THE.  Fully 
illustrated.  Mbnist  XV,  409-428.  Explaining  the  meaning  of 
khat,  ba,  khaibit,  ka,  (of  the  double),  khu,  sekhem,  and  ren; 
khat  (the  double  body)  ;  ba  (consciousness)  ;  khaibit  (the  shade; 
a  kind  of  ghost)  ;  ka  (the  double)  ;  khu  (the  spirit)  ;  sekhem 
(vitality)  ;  and  ren  (the  name).  Other  terms  such  as  maa- 
kheru,  the  transfigured  soul ;  pat-ela,  the  eternal  house ;  sahu, 
the  mummy,  which  means  literally  victorious  or  sainted;  the 
ankh,  or  handle  cross ;  the  tet,  or  backbone  of  Osiris ;  the 
feather  of  truth,  and  other  symbols  are  briefly  explained;  also 
extracts  made  from  the  confessions  of  a  dead  person  indicating 
the  moral  influence  of  the  Egyptian  idea  of  immortality. 

CONCILIATION  OF  RELIGION  WITH  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  VI, 
3285-3286.  A  review  of  Lyman  Abbott's  Evolution  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

CONFUCIANISM  AND  ANCESTOR  WORSHIP.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  XX,  598-615.  Republished  in  Chinese  Life  and  Customs. 

CONFUCIUS  ON  MODERATION.  O.  C.  XXII,  636-637.  A 
note  explaining  the  frontispiece  which  illustrates  the  parable  of 
the  three  buckets  from  which  the  Chinese  sage  drew  a  sermon 
on  moderation. 

CONGRESS  OF  RELIGIOUS  SOCIETIES,  AMERICAN.  O.  C. 
VIII,  4101-4102.  An  account  of  the  rise  of  one  of  the  move- 
ments which  were  the  fruits  of  the  Parliament  of  Religions. 

CONGRESSES  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  AT  ST.  LOUIS. 
Mon.  XIV,  779-783.  Brief  criticism  and  report  of  these  con- 
gresses held  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  1904. 

CONSCIENCE,  THE  GROWTH  OF.  O.  C.  IV,  2598-2600.  Re- 
published  in  The  Ethical  Problem. 

CONSCIOUSNESS,  A  MONISTIC  VIEW  OF.  Mon.  XVIII, 
30-45.  In  reply  to  Mr.  W.  E.  Ayton  Wilkinson's  article  on 
"Will-Force,"  and  Mr.  Montague's  "Are  Mental  Processes  in 
Space?"  with  regard  to  the  part  played  by  energy  in  psychic 
phenomena.  Mr.  Montague  is  a  representative  of  the  Ostwald 
theory  of  energetics. 

CONSCIOUSNESS,  PROBLEM  OF.  Monist  XIII,  69-79.  Com- 
ments on  Prof.  Charles  Sedgwick  Minot's  attacks  on  Monism. 


112  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

CONSCIOUSNESS,  SEAT  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IV,  2523- 
2526.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

CONSERVATIVE  RADICALISM.  O.  C.  IX,  4728-4732.  Reply 
to  Corvinus  (pseud,  of  T.  F.  Mathias),  who  was  a  radical 
critic  of  the  position  of  The  Open  Court,  and  maintained  that 
it  is  in  irreligion  "that  the  hope  of  true  morality  lies."  This 
article  is  a  continuation  of  the  argument  given  in  "Not  Irre- 
ligion but  True  Religion." 

CONSOLATION  OF  ERRORS.  O.  C.  VII,  3891-3893.  A  reply 
to  the  agnosticism  of  Mrs.  Alice  Bodington. 

CONWAY,  MONCURE  D.,  A  MILITANT  MISSIONARY  OF 
LIBERALISM.  O.  C.  XV,  374.  A  brief  note  of  characteriza- 
tion. 

COREA.  O.  C.  XVIII,  218-220.  Outline  of  Corea's  history  with 
explanation  of  the  philosophical  import  of  the  national  coat-of- 
arms.  Illustrated  by  picture  of  the  emperor. 

CORTEX  AND  ITS  RELATIONS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IV,  2326- 
2328.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man  and  in  the  Psychology  of 
the  Nervous  System. 

COXE,  ECKLEY  B.,  OBITUARY  OF.    O.  C.  IX,  4749. 

CREED  BUT  FAITH,  NO.  O.  C.  Ill,  IS75-IS77-  Republished 
in  Fund.  Prob. 

CREED,  THE  REVISION  OF  A.  O.  C.  Ill,  2075-2076.  Repub- 
lished in  Horn,  of  Science. 

CRISIS    IN    GREAT    BRITAIN,    THE.      O.    C.    XV,    301-311. 

Comments  on  the  Boer  War.  The  English  are  not  blamed  for 
extending  their  influence  in  South  Africa,  but  are  criticised  for 
using  wrong  methods.  They  would  have  attained  their  end 
better  and  more  enduringly  by  peaceful  methods. 

CRISPI,  FRANCESCO,  AN  OBITUARY.    O.  C.  XV,  645-646. 
CRITERION  OF  ETHICS,  AN  OBJECTIVE  REALITY.    Mon. 
I,  552-571.     See  s.  v.  "Ethics." 

CROSS  AMONG  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS.  Fully 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIII,  296-312. 

CROSS  AND  ITS  SIGNIFICANCE.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C. 
XIII,  149-163. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  113 

CROSS  IN  CENTRAL  AMERICA.  Illustrated.  O.  C  XIII, 
224-246. 

CROSS  OF  GOLGOTHA.    Illustrated.    O.  C.  XIII,  472-484. 
CROSS  OF  JESUS,  SHAPE  OF  THE.    O.  C  XVI,  247-249. 
CROSS,    PLATO    AND   THE.     Illustrated.     O.    C.    XIII,    364- 

372. 
CROSS,  REV.  W.  W.  SEYMOUR  ON  THE  PRE-HISTORIC. 

Illustrated.    O.  C.  XIII,  745-751. 
CROSS,  THE  WHEEL  AND  THE,     Illustrated.     O.   C.   XVI, 

478-485. 

CROSS,  THE.  See  also  Alpha  and  Omega,  Chrisma  and  the 
Labarum,  Crucifix,  The,  Staurolatry,  Evolution  of  Ornament, 
Fylfot  and  Swastika,  Image-Worship,  Seal  of  Christ,  Seven  the 
Sacred  Number,  Signets,  Badges  and  Medals,  Anubis,  Seth,  and 
Christ. 

CROWN  OF  THORNS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XV,  193-217.  Re- 
produced in  book  form  under  the  same  title. 

CRUCIFIX,  THE.    Illustrated.     O.  C.  XIII,  673-690. 

CRUCIFIXION  OF  DOGS  IN  ANCIENT  ROME.  O.  C.  XVI, 
249-250.  A  brief  note  in  which  this  strange  custom  is  explained 
as  the  substitution  of  an  animal  sacrifice  for  a  human  sacrifice 
to  the  sun-god. 

CUBA  AS  AN  ALLIED  REPUBLIC  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES.  O.  C.  XII,  690-693.  See  *.  v.  "Expansion  but  Not 
Imperialism." 

CUSTOM  HOUSE,  OUR.  O.  C  XVI,  141-145.  A  protest  and 
an  incident  from  personal  experience. 

DARWIN  AND  LINCOLN  CENTENNIAL.  O.  C.  XXIII,  124. 
Brief  note  accompanied  by  a  rare  portrait  of  Darwin  in  the 
prime  of  life. 

DE  RERUM  NATURA.  Mon.  App.  to  Vol.  V,  No.  2.  Philo- 
sophical poem  republished  in  booklet  form. 

DEATH  A  FINALITY,  IS?  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IV,  2185-2189. 
Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

DEATH  AND  IMMORTALITY  IN  ANCIENT  EGYPT,  THE 


ii4  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

CONCEPTIONS  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IX,  4666-4670.  Re- 
published  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

DEATH  AND  RESURRECTION.  Illustrated.  Open  Court 
XIII,  495-503.  This  article  contains  reproductions  of  the  cup 
of  Boscoreale,  the  Thibetan  skeleton-dance,  and  a  Gnostic  stone 
representing  King  Death  as  a  skeleton,  and  points  out  that  the 
Christian  conception  of  death  represented  as  a  resurrection  by 
Prudentius  has  changed  of  late  into  the  more  spiritual  hope  of 
the  immortality  of  the  soul. 

DEATH  AND  THE  DEAD,  THE  SKELETON  AS  A  REPRE- 
SENTATION OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  620-633.  Writ- 
ten in  refutation  of  Laufer's  theory  that  the  origin  of  our 
dances  of  death  must  be  sought  in  Thibetan  Buddhism.  The 
Thibetan  skeletons  are  reproduced  and  shown  to  be  different  in 
meaning  from  the  skeletons  of  the  European  middle  ages.  The 
Thibetan  skeleton  dance  is  described  and  representations  of 
Yama,  the  god  of  death,  reproduced.  The  skeletons  of  the  cup 
of  Boscoreale  are  not  representatives  of  death  but  of  the  dead, 
and  also  the  Japanese  ghost,  which  is  not  in  skeleton  form. 
There  is  no  skeleton  among  M'ara's  army  in  the  bas  relief  of 
Buddha's  temptation,  and  the  Japanese  ghosts  are  not  skeletons 
but  horrible-looking  half-decayed  figures  without  feet. 

DEATH,  CHRISTIAN  CONCEPTION  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XI,  752-763.  The  early  Christians  believed  in  bodily  resurrec- 
tion, but  their  art  in  the  catacombs  can  be  traced  back  to  pagan 
prototypes.  On  some  sarcophagi,  pagan  and  Christian  symbols 
are  mixed.  This  is  a  supplement  to  "Death  in  Religious  Art," 
and  supplies  many  additional  illustrations  on  the  subject. 

DEATH,  CONQUEST  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  1967-1968.  Republished 
in  Homilies  of  Science. 

DEATH,  DANCES  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XII,  40-53.  This 
article  contains  reproductions  of  woodcuts  of  the  fifteenth 
century  of  the  pictures  of  Bazil,  Massmann,  Holbein,  Abraham 
a  Sancta-Clara,  etc. 

DEATH  IN  RELIGIOUS  ART.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XI,  678- 
685 ;  XII,  752-763.  The  Greek  conception  of  death  is  a  genius 
with  the  down-turned  torch.  Hades  is  the  place  of  torture  and 
we  have  many  illustrations  of  these  scenes.  The  skeleton  as 
representative  of  death  appears  in  Christianity.  The  subject  of 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  115 

demons  and  of  hell   is   frequently   represented  in   Christian  art 
in  cathedrals  and   in  cemeteries. 

DEATH  IS  SILENT,  BUT  LIFE  SPEAKS.  O.  C.  IX.  A 
discussion  of  the  subject  of  immortality  based  on  a  considera- 
tion of  the  nature  of  soul  as  form. 

DEATH,  LOVE,  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  II,  1324-1325.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

DEATH,  MODERN  REPRESENTATIONS  OF.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  XII,  101-109.  In  modern  times  artists  have  given  up  the 
idea  of  representing  death  in  the  shape  of  a  horrible  figure. 
As  an  instance,  the  monument  of  Daniel  C.  French,  and  a 
German  one  dedicated  to  Emperor  William,  show  death  in  a 
serious  but  not  offensive  form.  M.  Bartholome  represents 
death  as  a  house  door  in  his  famous  "Monument  aux  morts." 

DELUGE  LEGENDS  OF  AMERICAN  INDIANS.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  XV,  758-760.  The  drawings  on  bark  which  relate  a 
deluge  legend  of  the  Algonquins  are  reproduced,  accompanied 
by  an  English  version  of  the  Indians'  interpretation  of  the 
pictures. 

DEMONOLOGY,  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  ANCIENT  GREECE 
UPON  CHRISTIAN.  O.  C.  X,  4867-4868.  Republished  in 
Hist,  of  the  Devil 

DEMONOLOGY,  NORTHERN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO 
CHRISTIAN.  O.  C.  X,  4875-4877.  Republished  in  Hist,  of 
the  Devil. 

DEMONOLOGY  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.  O.  C. 
X,  4988-4990.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

DESIGN  IN  NATURE.  O.  C.  IV,  2619-2621.  Republished  in 
Homilies  of  Science. 

DESTRUCTIVE  OR  CONSTRUCTIVE?  O.  C.  Ill,  2107-2108. 
In  answer  to  the  criticisms  of  illiberal  liberals,  Mr.  H.  L. 
Green  and  the  editor  of  Freethought. 

DETERMINISM  AND  FREE  WILL.  O.  C.  II,  887-888.  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Prob. 

DEVIL-CONCEPTION  IN  PROTESTANT  COUNTRIES. 
O.  C.  X,  4930-4932.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 


n6  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

DEVIL,  REALITY  OF  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIX,  717-736. 
Contains  a  number  of  pictures  and  material  supplementary  to 
the  Hist,  of  the  Devil.  Marlowe's  conception  is  contrasted 
with  the  present-day  humorous  view  of  devil-lore,  as  illustrated 
by  Tartini's  dream.  Additional  illustrations  of  devils  from 
many  dates  and  climes  are  given  and  incidents  are  related 
which  show  how  great  the  influence  of  the  power  of  evil,  per- 
sonified as  the  devil,  has  been  in  all  ages. 

DEVIL  STORIES  AND  DEVIL  CONTRACTS.  O.  C.  X,  4961- 
4966.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

DHARMAPALA'S  MISSION.  O.  C.  X,  5071.  Contains  a  letter 
from  the  Anagarika  Dharmapala  announcing  his  mission  to 
the  United  States. 

DHARMAPALA'S  SCHOOL  IN  CEYLON.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XX,  760-761.  A  short  description  of  a  school  of  traditional 
Buddhism  in  Ceylon. 

DILETTANTISM  IN  LITERATURE.  O.  C.  Ill,  1708-1709. 
The  dangers  to  the  reading  public  from  professional  litterateurs 
who  cater  to  popular  taste  from  mercenary  motives,  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  from  the  ignorance  of  dilettanti ;  what  is 
most  desirable  is  a  combination  of  the  virtues  of  both  classes. 

DISCOVERIES,  NEW;  HOW  THEY  AFFECT  THE  WORLD. 
O.  C.  X,  4821.  Brief  note  on  the  various  forms  of  recognition 
awarded  Rdntgen's  rays  en  their  first  appearance  before  the 
scientific  press. 

DISEASE,  LATEST  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AN  OLD.  O.  C. 
VIII,  4163-4165.  The  strike  of  the  American  Railway  Union 
in  1894  was  new  only  in  its  peculiar  combinations,  but  the  case 
was  as  old  as  society,  and  the  first  great  satire  written  upon 
it  was  "The  Birds"  of  Aristophanes. 

DOGMATISM,  A  REVIEWER'S  VIEW  OF.  O.  C.  IV,  2371. 
Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

DOLLS'  FESTIVAL,  THE.  O.  C.  XXI,  188.  Note  on  the 
frontispiece,  which  is  a  picture  of  a  party  of  Japanese  children 
on  the  annual  festival  of  dolls,  celebrated  March  3.  An  English 
version  of  a  Japanese  poem  on  the  subject  is  appended. 

DOUBLE  EAGLE,  THE  ANCIENT  SYMBOL  OF  THE.  With 
illustration.  O.  C.  XXIII,  57-58.  Instance  of  a  double  eagle 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  117 

discovered  on  a  German  expedition  into  central  Asia.  A  fur- 
ther illustration  pertaining  to  the  article,  "The  Persistence  of 
Symbols." 

DOUBLE  PERSONALITY  AND  DOUBLE  SOUL.     O.  C.  Ill, 

1948-1951.    Republished  in  the  Soul  of  Man. 
DOUBLE    PERSONALITY,    PROBLEM    OF.     O.    C.   II,    1178- 

1179.     Republished   in  Soul  of  Man. 
DREAMS    AND    HALLUCINATIONS.      O.    C.    Ill,    2024-2026. 

Republished   in  Soul  of  Man. 
DROSS  IS  DISCARDED,  BUT  NOTHING  IS  LOST.     O.   C. 

VI,  3244.    An  Allegory   republished  in   Twelve   Tales. 

DUALISM,  COMMENTS  ON  MINOT'S.  Mon.  XII,  69-79- 
See  s.  v.  "Consciousness,  the  Problem  of." 

DUNNING  DEVIL  OF  CHINA  AND  JAPAN.  One  illustra- 
tion. O.  C.  XII,  iio-ni.  The  picture,  which  is  a  reproduc- 
tion of  a  wood  carving  in  the  author's  possession,  is  given  a 
mistaken  interpretation  in  this  article.  It  is  republished  in 
The  History  of  the  Devil  and  there  correctly  explained  as  the 
devil,  in  guise  of  a  monk,  being  a  demon  representing  greed 
and  hypocrisy. 

EASTER,  THE  FESTIVAL  OF  LIFE  VICTORIOUS.  Illus- 
trated. O.  C.  XVI,  193-199.  This  article  contains  a  transla- 
tion of  Gerok's  "Meditation  on  Death  in  a  Cemetery,''  and 
shows  how  the  Easter  festival  of  the  ancient  pagans  was 
changed  to  a  commemoration  of  the  risen  Christ  in  Chris- 
tianity. 

EGO  AS  IDENTITY  OF  SELF.  O.  C.  VII,  3900-3901.  In 
comment  on  Mr.  Thomas  Williams's  article,  "Is  Reincarnation 
a  Natural  Law?" 

EGOLESS  MAN,  AN.  O.  C.  IX,  4657-4660.  An  account  of  a 
pathological  loss  of  conscious  recollection,  followed  by  a  dis- 
cussion of  a  common  error  of  psychologists  by  which  the  soul 
is  identified  with  the  ego. 

EGYPT,  CONCEPTIONS  OF  DEATH  AND  IMMORTALITY 
IN  ANCIENT.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IX,  4666-4670.  See  s.  v. 
"Death." 


ii8  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

EGYPTIANS,  CONCEPTION  OF  THE  SOUL  AND  THE 
BELIEF  IN  RESURRECTION  AMONG  THE.  Illustrated. 
Mon.  XV,  409-428.  See  s.  v.  "Conception." 

EIGHT-HOUR  DAY,  THE  SUNSET  CLUB  ON  THE.  O.  C. 
VI,  3115-3116.  Report  of  a  Debate  in  a  Chicago  club.  Wm. 
M.  Salter,  Murry  Nelson,  Franklin  MacVeagh,  Geo.  A.  Schil- 
ling, Clarence  Darrow,  Frederick  Greeley  and  Frank  H.  Scott 
are  quoted.  This  report  is  followed  by  comments  on  the 
debate  by  Gen.  M.  M.  Trumbull. 

ELECTION,  THE.  O.  C.  X,  51 18.  A  brief  note,  written 
immediately  after  the  election  of  McKinley  to  the  presidency. 

ELECTRICITY  AND  PHOSPHORESCENCE  IN  THE  ANI- 
MAL WORLD.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XV,  54O-55O. 

EMPEROR'S  ORTHODOXY,  THE.  O.  C.  XVII,  146-150. 
Republished  in  Delitzsch's  Babel  and  Bible. 

EROS  ON  THE  SHIP  OF  LIFE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXI, 
245-248.  A  monument  in  Genoa  representing  the  modern  idea 
of  immanent  immortality  and  the  Greek  myth  in  which  Eros 
descends  to  Hades  and  returns  again.  Pictures  of  analogous 
legends  and  of  Christ's  resurrection  illustrate  this  short  article. 

ESCHATOLOGY  OF  CHRISTIAN  ART.  Illustrated.  0.  C. 
XI,  401-412.  The  Christian  doctrine  of  eschatology  was  more 
prominent  among  early  Christians  than  it  is  now.  It  may  be 
regarded  as  a  proof  of  the  genuineness  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles 
that  he  confidently  predicts  the  near  approach  of  doomsday, 
and  believes  that  he  and  his  congregation  will  live  to  see  it. 
These  views  formed  an  important  chapter  in  the  Apocrypha 
of  the  Old  Testament,  but  at  present  these  visions  have  grown 
very  pale  and  are  no  longer  deemed  essential  doctrines  of  the 
church,  at  least  among  Protestants. 

ESPERANTO.  Mon.  XVI,  450-455.  An  account  of  the  nature 
of  the  language,  its  endings  and  prefixes  and  general  construc- 
tion. 

ESPERANTO,  ILO  AND  MALAY.  Mon.  XIX,  430-432.  This 
short  discussion  repeats  the  editorial  position,  that  it  would 
be  as  easy  to  construct  an  ideal  plant  as  to  produce  an  ideal 
language;  that  though  theoretically  each  may  be  possible,  prac- 
tically the  idea  is  Utopian.  In  order  to  give  both  sides  of  the 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  119 

Esperanto-Ilo  differences,  the  author  quotes  a  German  Esper- 
antist;  the  reform  side  is  represented  elsewhere  in  the  same 
number.  He  also  reports  the  suggestion  of  a  Dutch  gentleman, 
born  and  raised  in  Holland,  that  the  Malay  language  possesses 
many  characteristics  necessary  for  an  ideal  universal  language. 
ESSENCE  OF  THE  DOCTRINE  (with  Music).  O.  C.  XIX, 
182-183.  Republished  without  music  in  The  Dharma. 

ETERNITY,  A  HYMN  WITH  MUSIC.  O.  C.  XII,  245.  Re- 
published  in  Sacred  Tunes. 

ETHICAL  PROBLEM,  THE.  Discussion  with  Mr.  Salter. 
O.  C.  IV,  2549-2550,  2564-2567,  2624-2626.  Republished  in  The 
Ethical  Problem. 

ETHICAL  SOCIETIES  AND  THEIR  VIEWS  OF  ETHICS. 
O.  C.  VI,  3145-3147.  In  answer  to  Horace  L.  Traubel's  criti- 
cism of  former  discussions  of  the  author  on  the  deficiencies 
of  Ethical  Societies,  as  they  exist. 

ETHICS  A  LAW  OF  NATURE.  O.  C.  IV,  2440-2441.  Repub- 
lished in  Fund.  Prob. 

ETHICS  AND  NATURAL  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  Ill,  1563-1566. 
Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

ETHICS  AND  THE  COSMIC  ORDER.  Mon.  IV,  403-416. 
Criticism  of  Professor  Huxley's  position  in  his  lecture,  Evo- 
lution and  Ethics. 

ETHICS  AND  THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  LIFE.  O.  C.  IV,  2137- 
2138.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

ETHICS,  BASIS  OF,  AND  THE  ETHICAL  MOVEMENT. 
O.  C.  2247-2248.  Republished  in  The  Ethical  Problem. 

ETHICS,  BASIS  OF,  AND  THE  LEADING  PRINCIPLES 
IN.  O.  C.  IV,  2574-2577.  Republished  in  The  Ethical  Problem. 

ETHICS,  CRITERION  OF,  AN  OBJECTIVE  REALITY. 
Mon.  I,  552-571.  Republished  in  The  Ethical  Problem. 

ETHICS  IN  OUR  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS.  O.  C.  V,  2816-2817. 
Summary  of  a  symposium  on  the  advisability  of  introducing 
ethical  instruction  into  our  public  schools.  This  showed  such 
diversity  of  opinion  that  it  seemed  to  prove  conclusively  that 
ethics  cannot  be  taught  publicly  without  coming  in  conflict  with 


120  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

some  religious  views.     The  question   as  to  the  proper  medium 

for  ethical   instruction   will  be  decided  on  the  principle   of   the 

survival  of  the  fittest. 
ETHICS  OF  EVOLUTION.     O.   C.  V,  3004-3005.     Republished 

in  Homilies  of  Science. 
ETHICS  OF  EVOLUTIONISM,     p.  C.  VII,  3886.     The  theory 

of   evolution   is   not   compatible   with   hedonism,    for    the   ethics 

of   evolutionism   must   be   based   upon   the    fact   that   the    fittest 

will  survive  in  the  struggle  for  existence,  and  in  the  long  run 

the  fittest  are  always  the  most  moral. 
ETHICS    OF   KANT,    MR.    SPENCER    ON.     O.    C.    II,    1155- 

1160,   1165-1169;   Mon.,  II,   512-526.     See  s.  v.   "Spencer." 
ETHICS  OF  STRUGGLE  AND  ETHICAL  CULTURE.     O.  C. 

V,    3059-3061.      Controversies    of    science    and    philosophy    are 

compared  to  the  ethics  of  war. 
ETHICS  OF  THE  NEW  POSITIVISM.     O.  C.  IV,  2414-2415. 

In  reply  to  Clemence  Royer.     Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 
ETHICS    POSSIBLE,    IS?      O.    C.    XI,    295-308.      In    reply    to 

<Mr.  Antonio  Llano. 

ETHICS,  SCIENCE  AND.  O.  C.  (No.  167)  IV,  2590-2592.  See 
s.  v.  "Science." 

ETHOS  ANTHROPOI  DAIMON.  O.  C.  I,  695.  A  short  ex- 
planation of  the  Greek  motto,  which  has  often  been  used  on 
the  title  page  of  Open  Court  catalogues.  A  further  history  of 
the  sentence,  ascribing  its  authority  to  Heraclitus,  is  given  in 
O.  C.  XX,  42. 

EVENTS  OF  TO-DAY.  O.  C.  X,  4804-4806.  Editorial  notes 
on  Lord  Salisbury's  Turkish  policy  and  on  the  unfair  indict- 
ment of  two  mayors  of  Illinois  towns. 

EVIL  IN  EARLY  CHRISTIANITY,  THE  IDEA  OF.  O.  C. 
IX,  4717-4718.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

EVOLUTION  AND  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  I,  726-729;  V, 
3044-3045.  The  first  of  these  articles  is  an  extended  review  of 
Mr.  C.  T.  Stockwell's  pamphlet,  The  Evolution  of  Immortality; 
the  second  is  a  brief  note  bringing  out  the  beauty  of  the  idea 
of  immortality  contained  in  evolutionism.  "The  soul  can  be 
made  immortal  and  it  is  our  highest  religious  duty  to  shape 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  121 


our  lives  with  a  constant  outlook  upon  that  which  lies  beyond 
the  grave.  The  work  to  be  done  for  immortality  is  the  prob- 
lem, the  aim,  the  basis  of  ethics." 

EVOLUTION,  CONTINUITY  OF.  Mon.  II,  70-94.  The  science 
of  language  versus  the  science  of  life,  as  represented  by  Max 
Miiller  and  Romanes. 

EVOLUTION,  DOES  UTILITY  EXPLAIN?  O.  C.  VI,  3314- 
3315.  In  comment  on  articles  by  Professor  George  Mivart  on 
the  subject  of  evolution  and  Christianity. 

EVOLUTION  OF  ORNAMENT.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII, 
291-296.  The  cross  is  now  worn  as  an  ornament,  which  is 
the  third  stage  in  a  process  of  evolution,  of  which  the  first 
stage  is  the  use  of  the  cross  as  a  charm  or  amulet,  and  the 
second  as  a  symbol  of  more  or  less  mystical  significance. 

EXPANSION,  AMERICANISM  AND.  O.  C.  XIII,  215-223. 
See  s.  v.  Americanism. 

EXPANSION,  BUT  NOT  IMPERIALISM.  O.  C.  XIV,  87-94. 
Remarks  made  at  a  debate  before  the  Sunset  Club  of  Chicago. 
A  resume  of  the  Open  Court's  position  on  territorial  expan- 
sion. Other  articles  relating  to  our  relations  with  Cuba  and 
the  Philippines  are  the  following:  "Cuba  as  an  Allied  Republic 
of  the  United  States,"  "Americanism  and  Expansion,"  "The 
Filipino  Question,"  "The  Philippine  Imbroglio,"  "Friends  or 
Slaves,"  "Annexation  and  International  Stealing,"  "Cuba  as 
an  Allied  Republic,"  "How  to  Govern  the  Philippines." 

EXPERIENCE.  O.  C.  VII,  3602-3604.  Republished  in  Primer 
of  Philosophy. 

FABLE,  THE  MIGRATION  OF  A.  O.  C.  XI,  504-506.  A 
fable  from  an  old  German  print  of  1483,  which  is  in  all  essen- 
tials the  same  as  the  Chinese  story,  "The  Man  in  the  Well," 
a  Sanskrit  tale,  imported  into  China  about  the  eighth  century. 

FAIRY  TALE  ELEMENT  IN  THE  BIBLE.  Illustrated.  Mon. 
XI,  405-447.  Fairy  tales  are  not  numerous  in  the  Bible.  There 
is  only  the  fable  told  in  Judges  ix,  8-15,  and  yet  the  fairy  tale 
element  is  not  entirely  absent.  The  myths  of  Egypt  and  Chal- 
dea  have  been  toned  down  into  rational  and  credible  stories. 


122  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


This  article  traces  a  number  of  incidents  in  the  Old  Testament 
to  their  Babylonian  and  Egyptian  sources.  It  contains  trans- 
lations of  the  Babylonian  creation  story,  recorded  by  Berosus, 
in  the  seven  cuneiform  tablets  of  the  Marduk  myth  (the  trans- 
lation is  given  almost  in  full,  mainly  following  Zimmern), 
Yahveh's  fight  with  the  dragon,  as  mentioned  in  Ezekiel,  Job 
and  the  Psalms  (mainly  based  on  Gunkel).  The  two  Hebrew 
creation  stories  are  contrasted,  and  the  work  of  the  Hebrew 
redactor  is  appreciated  as  supplying  the  world-conception  preva- 
lent for  a  thousand  years.  The  second  installment  treats  of 
the  following  subjects:  The  Babylonian  legend  of  the  deluge 
(quotations  again  mainly  after  Zimmern)  ;  deluge  legends  of 
classical  antiquity;  the  pillar  of  salt  called  Lot's  Wife;  the 
story  of  the  wise  judge  (Solomon)  paralleled  in  India,  Egypt 
and  on  a  Pompeian  fresco;  the  story  of  Joseph  in  an  Egyptian 
fairy  tale  (original  quoted  in  Petrie's  translation).  It  is  the 
story  of  Bata,  i.  e.,  Vatu,  or  in  Greek  'Atis.  Potiphar's  wife 
still  reflects  the  old  institution  of  matriarchy.  The  conclusion 
is  devoted  to  the  mention  of  the  Queen  of  Heaven  by  Jeremiah 
and  the  lamentations  for  Tammuz  by  Ezekiel.  The  Song  of 
the  Well,  mentioned  in  Numbers  as  a  quotation  from  the  Book 
of  the  Wars  of  Yahveh,  is  an  interesting  piece  of  folk-poetry, 
preserved  by  chance  in  the  Old  Testament.  The  romance  of 
Mordecai  is  nothing  less  than  a  Hebrew  version  of  the  story 
of  the  saviour,  Bel  M'erodach,  and  Esther  is  the  Goddess  Istar. 

FAIRY  TALES  AND  THEIR  IMPORTANCE.  O.  C.  IV, 
2537-2538.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

FAIRY  TALES,  RELIGION  IN.  O.  C.  XIII,  184-185.  See 
s.  v.  "Religion,  etc." 

FAITH  AND  DOUBT.  O.  C.  V,  2822-2823.  Republished  in 
Homilies  of  Science. 

FAITH  AND  REASON.  O.  C.  VI,  3225-3228.  A  review  of 
Fechners  Method  of  conciliating  religion  with  science.  Re- 
published  in  Ethical  Problem. 

FATHERLAND,  THE.     O.   C.   XIII,   577-579.     A   few   remarks 
:   significance   of   Germany   for   civilization,   written   as   an 
introduction   to  a   special   number,   made   up   wholly  of   articles 
on  Germany. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  123 

FECHNER,  GUSTAV  THEODOR.  A  Review  of  his  Method 
of  Conciliating  Religion  with  Science.  See  s.  v.  "Faith  and 
Reason." 

FECHNER'S  VIEW  OF  LIFE  AFTER  DEATH.  Mon.  XVI, 
84-95.  The  author  agrees  with  Fechner's  beliefs  in  the  reality, 
the  significance,  the  all-importance  of  man's  life  after  death, 
but  regards  his  description  of  the  part  consciousness  plays  as 
misleading.  Doubtless  a  man's  personality  remains  centered 
around  his  name  and  continues  to  constitute  a  unit  of  its  own, 
but  it  is  purely  spiritual,  not  physical  nor  physiological.  There 
is  not  the  slightest  warrant  in  ascertainable  facts  for  Fechner's 
assumption,  that  after  death,  man's  being  is  endowed  with  the 
functions  of  the  entire  nervous  system,  including  sense-organs 
and  brain. 

FEELING  AND  MOTION.  O.  C.  IV,  2424-2426,  2435-2437. 
Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

FEELING  AS  A  PHYSIOLOGICAL  PROCESS.  O.  C.  IV, 
2506-2509.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

FEELING,  THE  MONISTIC  DEFINITION  OF  THE  TERM. 
O.  C.  V,  2909-2911.  After  discussing  the  views  of  Spencer, 
Fiske  and  many  others,  the  monistic  definition  is  given  as 
"the  state  of  awareness  only,  which  accompanies  certain  physio- 
logical activities,  and  not  these  activities  themselves." 

FEELINGS  AND  THE  ELEMENTS  OF  FEELING.  Mon.  I, 
401-420;  III,  298-299.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

FILIAL  PIETY  IN  CHINA.  O.  C.  XVI,  754-764.  Republished 
in  Chinese  Thought. 

FILIPINO  QUESTION.  O.  C.  XIII,  375-376.  See  also  s.  v. 
"Expansion,  but  not  Imperialism." 

FIRST  STEPS.  O.  C.  XX,  495-499.  Republished  in  Our  Chil- 
dren. 

FLAG,  UNFURL  THE.  O.  C.  XII,  439-441-  A  new  patriotic 
hymn,  with  a  final  stanza  on  the  Anglo-American  alliance. 
This  has  been  set  to  music  by  C.  Crozat  Converse  and  Oliver 
H.  P.  Smith  and  republished  in  sheet  and  octavo  form. 

FOOD  OF  LIFE  AND  THE  SACRAMENT.  Illustrated.  Mon. 
X,  246-279,  343-382.  Eucharists  and  ceremonial  eating  exist 


i24  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

among   almost   all   nations   of  the    world.     The   present    article 

contains  a  synopsis  of  these  ceremonies  and  traces  them  among 

Egyptians,   Assyrians,    Babylonians,    Greeks,    Thibetans,    and    the 

Mithraists,  the  worshipers  of  Bacchus,  Dionysus,  and  of  Christ. 

The    Christian    ceremony    has    apparently    been    introduced    by 

Paul.     The    passages    in    the    Gospels    are    later    insertions,    as 

proved  by  New  Testament  scholars. 
FORCE  AND   CAUSATION.     O.   C.    Ill,    1505-1506.     Editorial 

comment  on   Mr.  John   B.   Wood's  essay. 
FORM  AND  FORMAL  THOUGHT.     O.  C.  II,  1310-1313,  1336- 

1339,  I349-135I,  1369-1372-     Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 
FORMAL,  THE.    O.   C.  VII,  3679-3682.     Republished  in  Primer 

of  Phil. 
FORMAL  THOUGHT    AND    ETHICS.     O.   C.   Ill,    1613-1616. 

Republished   in  Fund.   Prob. 
FRANKLIN     SQUARES     AND     OTHER     MATHEMATICAL 

DIVERSIONS,    THE.      Mon.    XVI,    605-625.      Republished    in 

Andrews's  Magic  Squares  and  Cubes. 

FREEDOM  OF  WILL  AND  RESPONSIBILITY.  O.  C.  Ill, 
2095-2097.  Republished  in  the  Soul  of  Man. 

FREETHOUGHT,  THE  HEROES  OF.  O.  C.  II,  822-823. 
Republished  in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

FREETHOUGHT,  ITS  TRUTH  AND  ITS  ERROR.  O.  C. 
V,  2902-2903.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

FREE-WILL  AND  COMPULSION.  O.  C.  IV,  2332.  Brief 
note  in  reply  to  a  letter  from  Mr.  T.  G.  Conant. 

FRIAR,  THE.  A  Song.  O.  C.  XIV,  305-312.  Music  by 
O.  H.  P.  Smith. 

FRIENDS  OR  SLAVES.  O.  C.  XVI,  146-148.  An  appeal  to 
Congress  in  which  self-government  for  the  Philippines  is  ad- 
vocated. See  also  s.  v.  "Expansion,  but  not  Imperialism." 

FULFIL,  NOT  TO  DESTROY,  TO.  O.  C.  IV,  2235-2236. 
Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

FYLFOT  AND  SWASTIKA.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVI,  153- 
162,  356-366.  Showing  how  evidences  of  prehistoric  use  of  this 
emblem  are  scattered  in  widely  separated  portions  of  the  globe. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  125 


The  illustrations  reproduce  relics  and  monuments  which  bear 
the  swastika  as  decoration.  The  original  meaning  of  the  figure 
is  thought  to  be  the  same  as  the  disk,  a  solar  symbol. 

GALILEI,  GALILEO.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  1-13.  A  sketch 
of  his  life,  including  translations  of  the  verdict  pronounced 
upon  him  by  the  Holy  Office,  and  his  abjuration. 

GEMS  OF  BUDDHIST  POETRY.  O.  C.  XX,  156-167.  See 
s.  v.  "Buddhist  Poetry,  Gems  of." 

GENIUS,  PLAYFUL  INSTRUCTION  AND.  O.  C.  XIII,  566- 
570.  Republished  in  Our  Children. 

GEOMETRY,  FOUNDATIONS  OF.  Mon.  XIII,  370-397,  493- 
522.  Republished  in  Foundations  of  Mathematics. 

GERMAN  IN  AMERICA,  THE.  O.  C.  XIII,  626-636.  A  pro- 
test against  Miinsterberg's  statement  that  German-Americans 
are  responsible  for  lack  of  sympathy  between  the  two  coun- 
tries. America  is  entirely  cognizant  and  appreciative  of  Ger- 
man science  and  character.  Its  assimilation  of  diverse  na- 
tionalities into  one  people  is  destined  to  so  merge  its 
patriotism  into  cosmopolitanism  as  to  cause  it  to  advance 
beyond  Old  World  nations.  Though  regarded  as  restless  and 
fond  of  innovations,  the  character  of  the  American  nation 
is  a  conservatism  unknown  in  Europe ;  e.  g.,  its  flag  is  one 
of  the  oldest  in  the  world.  See  also  "International  Friendship" 
and  "International  Good-Will." 

GERMAN  MONISTIC  ALLIANCE,  THE.  O.  C.  XXII,  188. 
Review  of  one  of  their  leaflets,  written  by  Dr.  Heinrich  Schmidt. 

GERMAN  UNIVERSITIES  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 
Mon.  IV,  106-120.  The  appointment  and  advancement  of  a 
professor  of  a  German  university  does  not  depend  upon  his 
ability  to  teach,  but  almost  exclusively  upon  his  accomplish- 
ments in  the  field  of  research.  German  universities  are  in- 
stitutions devoted  to  the  search  for  truth,  and  the  scientist, 
the  philosopher,  the  searchers  for  truth  serve  at  the  same 
time  as  instructors  of  the  German  youth.  Their  exhibit  at  the 
Columbian  Exposition  of  1893  was  well  planned  and  arranged, 
and  we  have  here  a  brief  review  of  this  unique  display  of 
the  ways,  the  means,  and  the  summarized  results  of  German 
science. 


126  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

GERMANY,  THE  FATHERLAND.  See  s.  v.  "Fatherland,  The," 

GHOST  OF  A  LIVING  PERSON,  THE.  O.  C.  XXIII,  231- 
232.  Reporting  an  incident  in  which  the  ghost  of  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Withrow  was  made  to  appear  in  a  mediumistic  seance 
in  Australia  while  Mr.  Withrow  himself  was  carrying  on  an 
active  life  in  Canada. 

GHOSTS.  O.  C.  V,  2811-2812.  A  review  of  Ibsen's  drama.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

GHOSTS  AND  THE  BELIEF  IN  GHOSTS.  O.  C.  VI,  3106- 
3109.  In  comment  on  the  revival  of  spiritualistic  beliefs  and 
in  reply  to  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  and  Mrs.  Besant;  also  on  a 
book  of  Mr.  Gerhard,  a  Swedenborgian.  Kant's  Relation  to 
Swedenborg  is  mentioned,  and  the  statement  as  to  the  practical 
usefulness  of  clairvoyance  is  investigated  and  found  wanting. 

GILGAMESH  AND  EABANI;  THE  TRUSTS  AND  THE 
UNIONS.  O.  C.  XVIII,  291-292.  The  trusts  and  unions  are 
likened  to  Gilgamesh  and  Eabani  in  the  old  Babylonian  epic. 
We  are  told  that  a  monster  was  created  to  overpower  a  tyrant, 
until  finally  both  became  friends,  and  then  the  world  had  no 
defender. 

GISSAC,  F.   DE,  OBITUARY.    O.   C.  X,  5125. 

GNOSTICISM  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  CHRISTIANITY. 
Mon.  VIII,  502-546.  It  is  maintained  and  satisfactorily  proved 
in  this  article  that  gnosticism  precedes  Christianity.  It  is  here 
characterized  as  a  period  of  storm  and  stress  preparatory  to 
Christianity.  The  fact  is  recognized  by  our  best  Church  his- 
torians that  gnostics  existed  before  Christianity  and  were  after- 
ward regarded  as  Christian  heretics  only  when  a  catholic 
faith  had  been  established.  The  trinity  idea  is  mentioned  in 
connection  with  Simon  Magus  before  it  becomes  a  Christian 
dogma.  The  Kabala  was  influenced  by  gnosticism,  and  the 
Essenes,  as  well  as  the  Therapeutes  of  Egypt,  are  unequiv- 
ocally pre-Christian.  The  book  of  Daniel  and  the  bp9ks  of 
Esdras  show  innumerable  influences  of  the  gnostic  spirit,  and 
the  Apostle  Paul  presupposes  gnostic  terms  as  well  known. 
The  Zabians  or  Baptizers  had  spread  throughout  the  Jewish 
dispersion,  and  Paul  was  especially  well  received  among  them. 
The  similarity  of  the  Lord's  Sacrament  with  the  Mithraistic 
ceremony  of  the  same  kind  is  alluded  to  and  the  idea  is 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  127 


proposed  that  the  word  missa  or  mass  is  derived  from  myazda, 
which  is  the  food  of  the  Mithraistic  sacrament.  Apollonius 
of  Tyana  studied  philosophy  at  Tarsus,  and  we  may  assume 
that  he.  cherished  many  ideas  similar  to  those  of  St.  Paul 
the  apostle,  who  was  born  in  the  same  city  and  owed  his 
Roman  citizenship  to  the  honor  which  the  Roman  Senate 
wanted  to  bestow  upon  this  pagan  savior.  Gnosticism  is  older 
than  Christianity,  which  is  really  a  gnostic  sect,  and  it  is 
maintained  that  it  survived  its  rivals  because  it  was  superior 
to  them. 

GOBINEAU,  COUNT.  With  portrait.  O.  C.  XV,  440-442.  An 
account  of  the  life  and  work  of  a  French  anthropologist,  who 
has  become  an  object  of  enthusiasm  in  German  circles. 

GOD.    O.  C.  IV,  2305-2306.    Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

GOD.    A  DISCUSSION.    Mon.  IX,  106-130.    Republished  in  God. 

GOD  A  MIND,  IS?  O.  C.  V,  2978-2980.  Republished  in  Homi- 
lies of  Science. 

GOD  AND  IMMORTALITY,  PROFESSOR  HAECKEL'S 
MONISM  AND  THE  IDEAS  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2957-2958.  A 
letter  explaining  the  position  of  The  Open  Court  on  the  sub- 
jects of  God  and  immortality,  and  a  reply  from  Professor 
Haeckel  expressing  agreement  in  essential  points. 

GOD,  CONCEPTIONS  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2771-2773.  Republished 
in  Homilies  of  Science. 

GOD,  FREEDOM  AND  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  Ill,  1625- 
1626.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

"GOD  IN  SCIENCE  AND  RELIGION,"  REMARKS  ON 
CANON  LOW'S.  Mon.  VIII,  610-615.  See  s.  v.  "Low." 

GOD,  MR.  SEW  ALL  ON  THE  PERSONALITY  OF.  O.  C. 
XXI,  506-510.  In  comment  on  his  book,  Reason  in  Belief. 

GOD  OF  ATHEISM  AND  THE  IMMORTALITY  THAT 
OBTAINS  IN  THE  NEGATION  OF  THE  EGO-ENTITY. 
O.  C.  VIII,  4226-4229.  A  resume  of  conceptions  of  God  and 
immortality  which  accord  with  evolution  and  the  religion  of 
science,  written  in  answer  to  criticisms  by  Dr.  Lewins,  Pro- 
fessor Cook,  Mr.  Thurtell  and  Mr.  Reeves.  The  conception 
of  the  super-personal  God  is  especially  dwelt  upon. 


128  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

GOD  OF  IRON,  THE.  O.  C.  XII,  188-190.  A  hymn  suggested 
by  a  patriotic  song  of  Arndt,  written  to  arouse  the  Germans 
against  their  French  enemies,  but  in  this  case  the  narrowness  of 
nationalism  yields  to  the  broader  spirit  of  international  fellow- 
ship and  religion. 

GOD  OF  SCIENCE,  THE.  Mon.  XIV,  458-469.  In  reply  to 
the  Rev.  H.  C.  Minton's  reviews  of  Fundamental  Problems  and 
Surd  of  Metaphysics. 

GOD,  PERSONALITY  OF.  O.  C.  XI,  618-635.  Correspondence 
with  Pere  Hyacinthe  Loyson.  Republished  in  God. 

GOD,  PERSONALITY  OF.  Mon.  IX,  300-305.  See  s.  v.  "Per- 
sonality." 

GOD,  RESPONSIBILITY  OF.  O.  C.  X,  4803-4804.  Comments 
on  a  sermon  by  the  Rev.  Geo.  T.  Smith,  who,  while  recogniz- 
ing to  some  extent  the  identity  of  nature's  God  and  nature's 
laws,  looks  upon  God  as  a  person — therefore  responsible.  The 
argument  is  given  against  the  personality  of  God,  that  Bud- 
dhism, the  greatest  non-Christian  religion,  distinguished  for  the 
noblest  moral  maxims,  yet  knows  nothing  of  the  existence  of 
a  personal  God. 

GOD,  THE  SUPERPERSONAL.  O.  C.  XXI,  765-766.  Brief 
comment  on  a  communication  from  Pere  Hyacinthe.  Repub- 
lished in  God. 

GOD,  UNMATERIALITY  OF  SOUL  AND.  Mon.  VIII,  415- 
445.  See  s.  v.  "Soul." 

GODWARD.  O.  C.  XII,  128.  A  hymn  with  music.  Repub- 
lished in  Sacred  Tunes. 

GOEHTE,  A  BUDDHIST.  O.  C.  X,  4832-4837.  Republished  in 
Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

GOETHE  AND  CRITICISM.    O.  C.  XXI,  301-305. 

GOETHE  AND  SCHILLER'S  XENIONS.     O.   C.   I,  318,  320; 

Vni,    3939-3940,    3948-3949,    3955-3957,    3965-3966.    Republished 

in  book  form  under   same  title. 
GOETHE    MUSEUM    IN    WEIMAR.    O.    C.    XXII,     126-128. 

An  account  of  the  establishment  of  Goethe's  Weimar  residence 

as  a  National  Museum,  accompanied  by  a  picture  of  Eberlein's 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  129 

famous    sculpture    representing    Goethe    contemplating    Schiller's 

skull,  to  which  he  addressed  a  poem. 
GOETHE,   SOME  EPIGRAMS   OF.    Illustrated.    O.   C.   XXIII, 

438-443.    An   English  translation  of  about  twenty   miscellaneous 

verses,    accompanied   by   the    German   original.    Three    of   them 

are    illustrated. 
GOETHE,  TWO  PHILOSOPHICAL  POEMS  OF.    O.  C.  XVI, 

694-696.     Translation  of  and  comments  on  "One  and  All,"  and 

"Bequest." 

GOETHE'S   CONFESSION   OF  FAITH.    O.   C.   XXI,   472-480. 

GOETHE'S  FAUST,  SIGNIFICANCE  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XXII,  147-172. 

GOETHE'S  MONISM.  O.  C.  II,  782.  Republished  in  Funda- 
mental Problems. 

GOETHE'S   NATURE   PHILOSOPHY.     O.    C.   XXI,   227-237. 

GOETHE'S  POLYTHEISM  AND  CHRISTIANITY.  O.  C. 
XXI,  435-443- 

GOETHE'S    SOUL   CONCEPTION.    O.    C.    XXI,    745-751- 

GOETHE'S  VIEW  OF  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  XX,  367-372. 
Above  articles  to  be  republished  in  book  form. 

GOETHE'S  VIEWS  ON  TELEPATHY.    O.  C.  XXIII,  174-176. 

GOOD  AND  EVIL  AS  RELIGIOUS  IDEAS.  O.  C.  VIII,  4642- 
4644.  Republished  in  History  of  the  Devil. 

GOOD  AND  EVIL,  THE  PROBLEM  OF.  Mon.  VI,  580-599. 
Republished  in  History  of  the  Devil. 

GOSPEL  OF  BUDDHA,  A  JAPANESE  TRANSLATION  OF. 
O.  C.  IX,  4404-4405.  Contains  an  English  translation  of  the 
Rt.  Rev.  Soyen  Shaku's  preface  to  the  Japanese  translation. 

GOSPEL,  THE  FOURTH.  O.  C.  XXI,  269-271.  With  special 
reference  to  Dr.  Moxom's  article,  "Jesus's  View  of  Himself 
in  the  Fourth  Gospel." 

GOSPELS,  THE  SOURCE  OF.  O.  C.  II,  1079-1080.  Professor 
Seydel  of  Leipsic  advanced  the  theory  that  the  Christian  gos- 
pels were  borrowed  from  the  Buddhist  sacred  literature.  This 
article  quotes  at  some  length  the  passage  in  which  he  defends 
his  position. 


i3o  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 


GRASSHOPPER,  THE.  O.  C.  VII,  3663-3664.  Republished  in 
Twelve  Tales. 

GREEK  IDEA  OF  SALVATION.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XII,  675- 
689.  Republished  in  History  of  the  Devil. 

GREEK  MYSTERIES,  A  PREPARATION  FOR  CHRISTI- 
ANITY, THE.  Mon.  XI,  87-123.  Illustrated.  Christianity  owes 
a  number  of  important  terms  to  Greek  mysteries,  especially 
the  very  word  "mystery"  itself,  and  in  addition  such  words  as 
porousia,  i.  e.,  the  act  of  becoming  bodily  present,  ecstasy, 
teleiosis,  or  completion,  etc.  The  Orphic  songs  foreshadow  the 
Christian  idea  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  Christ  is 
represented  as  Orpheus  in  the  catacombs.  The  main  idea  of 
the  Orpheus  ceremonials  is  his  death  and  resurrection.  The 
significance  of  the  wine  in  the  sacrament  has  also  its  pagan 
correlate  in  the  cult  of  Dionysus,  who  was  born  in  a  cave, 
tortured,  slain,  and  rises  to  life  again.  He  enters  the  city 
riding  on  an  ass.  But  while  the  mysteries  were  communicated 
to  a  few  initiates,  the  doctrine  of  Christianity  was  preached 
from  the  housetops. 

GREEK  RELIGION  AND  MYTHOLOGY.  Richly  illustrated. 
O.  C.  XIV,  513-538,  577-6o6,  641-658,  705-733-  Vol.  XV,  1-22. 
A  sketch  of  Greek  religion  which  was  written  with  the  special 
purpose  of  showing  how  far  the  religion  of  ancient  Greece 
was  preparatory  to  Christianity.  The  last  article  contains 
numerous  quotations  which  prove  that  the  Christian  idea  "love 
your  enemies"  was  plainly  anticipated  by  a  great  many  sages 
of  ancient  Greece. 

GREEK  SCULPTURE  THE  MOTHER  OF  BUDDHIST  ART. 

Illustrated.    O.     C.     XXII,     306-315.    Comparing     remains     of 

Gandhara  sculpture  with  classical  Greek  art. 
GREEKS,  THE.  See  also  "Acropolis,  The."  "Demonology,  The 

Influence  of  Ancient  Greece  Upon  Christian." 
GRIEF  AT  UNBELIEF.  O.  C.  VII,  3579-358o.  Unbelief,  doubt, 

the  spirit  of  keen  criticism,  should  not  cause  grief  in  anybody's 

soul.    Let  him  who   doubts   search   for  the   truth,   and   he  will 

find  that  it  quickens  and  comforts. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  131 

GUNKEL  VERSUS  DELITZSCH.  O.  C.  XVIII,  226-241.  An 
account  of  Professor  Gunkel's  true  position  with  regard  to  the 
Babel  and  Bible  discussion  compared  to  the  position  ascribed 
to  him  by  an  uninformed  anonymous  translator. 

GUNNING,  PROF.  WM.  D.,  MEMORIAL  SERVICE  TO. 
O.  C.  II,  1278. 

HAECKEL  AS  AN  ARTIST.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XX,  428-433- 
A  review  of  Kunstformen  der  Natur  and  Wanderbilder. 

HAECKEL— LOOP  CONTROVERSY,  THE.  Mon.  XIII,  24-37. 
Republished  in  God. 

HAECKEL'S  ANTHROPOGENY,  PROFESSOR.  O.  C.  VI, 
3125-3126.  A  brief  note  on  Haeckel's  monism  on  the  appear- 
ance of  the  4th  edition  of  his  Anthropogeny. 

HAECKEL'S  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH.  O.  C.  VII,  3528-3529. 
Professor  Haeckel  believes  that  monism  is  the  bond  of  union 
between  religion  and  science,  and  is  in  sympathy,  in  spite  of 
minor  differences,  with  the  efforts  of  The  Open  Court  toward 
their  amalgamation. 

HAECKEL'S  MONISM.  Mon.  II,  598-600.  The  conclusion  is 
drawn  that  the  main  differences  between  Haeckel's  monism 
and  that  of  The  Manist  are  differences  of  terminology. 

HAECKEL'S  MONISM  AND  THE  IDEAS  OF  GOD  AND 
IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  V,  2957-2958.  See  s.  v.  "God,  etc." 

HAECKEL'S  THESES  FOR  A  MONISTIC  ALLIANCE.  Mon. 
XVI,  120-123.  A  criticism  of  Professor  Haeckel's  confession  of 
faith  as  destructively  negative  in  its  statement  instead  of  positive. 

HAMLET,  THE  HINDU.  O.  C.  XXI,  359-363.  Resemblances 
between  Shakespeare's  hero  and  the  philosophy  of  the  Bha- 
gavadgita. 

HAMMURABI.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII,  274-280.  Hammurabi 
is  the  Amraphel  of  Genesis,  supposed  to  be  a  contemporary 
of-  Abraham.  His  famous  code  is  here  compared  with  the 
Mosaic  law. 

HARD  TIMES  TEACH,  THE  LESSON  THAT.  O.  C.  V, 
3042-3043.  The  value  of  struggle,  the  errors  of  hedonism,  and 
the  need  for  only  educational  charity,  are  the  main  points 
touched  upon. 


i32  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

HARMONY  OF  SCIENCE  AND  RELIGION.  O.  C.  VII,  3553- 
3554.  In  reply  to  Mr.  W.  Stewart  Ross  of  The  Agnostic 
Journal. 

HARMONY  OF  THE  SPHERES.  O.  C.  I,  33-35-  Astronom- 
ical laws  relating  to  the  symmetrical  proportions  of  the  plane- 
tary system  are  here  summed  up,  establishing  the  harmony  of 
cosmic  laws. 

HARMONY  OF  THE  SPHERES.  O.  C.  XX,  220-227.  There 
is  a  harmony  of  the  noblest  aspirations  among  all  the  religions, 
and  such  a  maxim  as  "Love  your  enemies"  was  echoed  in 
ancient  China  by  Lao  Tze;  in  Buddhist  literature  by  innumer- 
able admonitions  to  exterminate  hatred  and  practice  benevo- 
lence; and  in  Greek  literature  by  Plato,  who  introduces  in  his 
symposium  Demeter's  glorification  of  love,  which  has  rightly 
been  compared  to  Paul's  I3th  chapter  to  the  Corinthians. 

HARNACK,  PROFESSOR  ADOLF,  ON  THE  RELIGION  OF 
SCIENCE.  Mon.  IV,  494-506.  A  reply  to  Harnack's  criticism 
of  a  review  of  his  "Outlines  of  the  History  of  Dogma,"  in 
which  he  confuses  his  reviewer  with  the  editor. 

HARPER'S  BIBLE  CRITICISM,  PRESIDENT.  0.  C.  VIII, 
3996.  A  defense  of  President  Harper's  reverent  spirit  and 
sound  scholarship  against  critics  who  expose  their  own  ig- 
norance of  the  work  done  in  the  field  of  orthodox  theology 
by  accusing  him  of  heresy. 

HAZING  AND  FAGGING.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXIII,  430-437. 
Gives  some  history  of  these  customs  from  the  times  of  the 
mediaeval  universities.  The  illustrations  are  taken  from  con- 
temporary woodcuts. 

HEALING  BY  CONJURATION  IN  ANCIENT  BABYLON. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXIII,  65-74.  A  small  tablet  coming  down 
to  us  from  Babylonian  antiquity  was  thought  to  represent  the 
soul's  descent  to  the  underworld,  but  recent  investigation  shows 
that  it  is  probably  a  conjuration  tablet,  and  the  figure  thought 
to  be  a  dead  body  is  probably  the  patient.  Instances  of  con- 
jurations are  quoted  at  length,  the  English  version  being  made 
from  Dr.  Karl  Frank's  translation  of  cuneiform  inscriptions. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  133 

HEART  OF  MAN  AS  MIRRORED  IN  RELIGIOUS  ART. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XII,  236-242.  Republished  in  History  of  the 
Devil. 

HEDONISM  AND  ASCETICISM.  O.  C.  Ill,  1517-1518.  A 
systematic  conception  of  the  universe  is  the  theoretical,  and 
ethics,  the  practical  aspect  of  philosophy.  Materialism  pro- 
duces an  ethics  of  hedonism  or  utilitarianism;  spiritualism 
leads  to  asceticism.  Monism  rejects  both  views,  for  mere 
happiness  will  leave  the  heart  empty,  and  asceticism  is  de- 
structive ;  while  the  performance  of  our  daily  duty,  directed 
toward  the  progress  of  mankind,  gives  sufficient  occasion  for 
self-control  and  at  the  same  time  furnishes  a  nobler  satis- 
faction, which  is  the  highest  kind  of  happiness. 

HEDONISM,  MR.  SPENCER'S,  AND  KANT'S  ETHICS  OF 
DUTY.  Mon.  XVIII,  306-315.  See  s.  v.  "Spencers." 

HEGELER,  GISELA.  0.  C.  VI,  3279-3280.  An  address  de- 
livered at  the  funeral  of  the  daughter  of  Mr.  E.  C.  Hegeler. 

HEGELER,  M"RS.  E.  C,  A  TRIBUTE  TO.  O.  C.  XXII,  385- 
386.  A  funeral  address. 

HEMISPHERIC  REGION,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  IV,  2295- 
2298.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man  and  in  Psychology  of  the 
Nervous  System. 

HENISM,   THE   WRONG   METHOD   OF.     O.   C.   VIII,  4067- 

4068.     In  answer  to   Paul   R.  Shipman's  "Suggestions   Touching 

Matter   and   Energy." 
HERACLITUS    ON    CHARACTER.    O.    C.    XX,    42-44.    With 

special  reference  to  the  Platonic  God-conception;   see  also  s.  v. 

"Ethos   Anthropoi   Daimon." 

HEREDITY  AND  THE  A  PRIORI.  O.  C.  IX,  4540-4541.  In 
reply  to  Mr.  Ellis  Thurtell,  who  condemns  a  criticism  of 
Lewis's  and  Spencer's  reconciliation  of  the  a  priori  and  a  poste- 
riori schools. 

HEWAVITARNE,  THE  MUDALIYAR.  O.  C.  XX,  314-315. 
An  obituary  note  on  the  death  of  the  father  of  Dharmapala. 

HIGHER  HUMANITY,  AN  INSTANCE  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  1616. 
A  brief  note  on  the  man-of-war  Trenton. 


I34  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

HINDUISM  DIFFERENT  FROM  BUDDHISM.  O.  C.  XX, 
253-254.  Sums  up  in  a  few  words  the  characteristic  differences 
between  Hinduism,  Buddhism  and  Theosophy. 

HISTORY  IS  TRANSFIGURED  BY  MYTH,  HOW.  O.  C. 
XVIII,  690-694.  Republished  in  The  Story  of  Samson. 

HOKUSAI;  JAPANESE  ARTIST.  With  portrait.  O.  C.  XVI, 
440-441.  Review  of  C.  J.  Holmes's  Hokusai. 

HOLTZMANN,  HEINRICH  JULIUS.  O.  C.  XVI,  257-262. 
An  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  this  representative  of  the 
German  school  of  New  Testament  critics;  his  portrait  serves 
as  frontispiece. 

HOLY  EDICT  OF  K'ANG-HI;  A  CHINESE  ANTI-MACH- 
IAVELLI.  Mon.  XIV,  737-746.  K'ang-Hi,  one  of  the 
most  famous  Mongol  emperors  of  China,  took  his  duty  as 
emperor  very  seriously,  and  published  an  edict  which  has 
become  a  classical  expression  of  good  government.  The  pres- 
ent article  contains  Chinese  text,  translation,  and  explanatory 
comments. 

HOLYOAKE,  G.  J.,  SECULARISM  OF.  0.  C.  X,  5092-5094. 
The  significance  of  "secularism"  and  the  difference  between  it 
and  the  "religion  of  science." 

HUNGER  AFTER  RIGHTEOUSNESS,  THE.  O.  C.  IV,  2165- 
2166.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

HUXLEY'S  CHURCH,  PROFESSOR.  O.  C.  Ill,  1590.  A 
quotation  from  Huxley's  "Administrative  Nihilism." 

HYPNOTISM,  DANGERS  OF.    O.  C.  IV,  2160-2161. 

HYPNOTISM,    SIGNIFICANCE    OF.    O.    C.    IV,    2129-2131. 

HYPNOTISM,  WHAT  IS  IT?  O.  C.  Ill,  1958-1961.  Foregoing 
three  articles  republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

IDEAS,  ASSAY  OF  ABSTRACT.  O.  C.  II,  1422.  Brief  note 
on  David  Newport's  essay,  "The  Self-Evident." 

IDEAS,  LIFE  AND  GROWTH  OF.  O.  C.  I,  756-757.  The  law 
of  conservation  of  energy  holds  good  in  the  intellectual  realm 
as  well  as  the  material.  See  also  "It  Thinks." 

IDEAS,  THEIR  ORIGIN  AND  DESTINY.  O.  C.  VII,  3529- 
3532.  Republished  in  Primer  of  Philosophy. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  135 


IDEALISM  AND  REALISM.  O.  C.  Ill,  1553-1554.  Referring 
to  an  essay  of  M.  Binet  on  "Sensation  and  the  Outer  World." 

IDEALISM,  REALISM  AND  MONISM.  O.  C.  II,  919-921. 
The  history  of  modern  philosophy  begins  with  Descartes  and 
his  famous  "Cogito  ergo  sum,"  and  since  then  modern  philos- 
ophy has  been  called  idealism.  As  idealism  assumes  the  ex- 
istence of  the  ego,  or  the  subject,  so  realism  assumes  the 
existence  of  things  or  objects.  In  monism  both  idealism  and 
realism  are  reconciled,  while  spiritualism  and  materialism,  rep- 
resenting the  wrong  conclusions  of  the  one-sided  assumption 
of  idealism  and  realism,  find  their  refutation. 

IDENTITY  IN  CHANGE.  O.  C.  X,  4764-4765.  In  answer  to 
Mrs.  Hopper's  question,  Can  there  be  a  new  Christianity? 
Rituals  and  symbols  vary  according  to  taste  and  historical 
tradition,  but  the  essence  of  religion  must  remain  the  same. 

IDOLATRY.  O.  C.  VII,  3619-3620.  The  idolatry  of  the  dog- 
matists is  an  anachronism ;  the  idolatry  of  the  idea-worshiper 
is  a  degeneration ;  and,  while  avoiding  the  former,  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  fall  into  the  latter. 

IGNORAMUS  AND  INVENIEMUS,  NOT  IGNORABIMUS 
OR  INVENIMUS.  O.  C.  II,  903.  With  each  new  problem 
solved,  new  problems  will  arise,  but  none  of  them  need  prove 
unsolvable. 

IGOROT,  THE.  Full  page  illustrations.  O.  C.  XIX,  113-126.  A 
brief  note  on  a  savage  tribe  from  a  remote  corner  of  the 
Philippines,  accompanied  by  a  dozen  or  more  photographs  of 
the  group  exhibited  in  the  anthropological  department  of  the 
St.  Louis  Exposition  of  1904. 

IMAGE  WORSHIP.  O.  C.  XIX,  21-25.  Treats  particularly  of 
the  iconoclasm  of  early  Christianity,  its  hatred  of  pagan  idola- 
try, and  the  development  of  Christian  symbolism. 

IMMORALITY  AS  A  PHILOSOPHIC  PRINCIPLE.  With 
portraits.  <Mon.  IX,  572-616.  A  discussion  of  Frederick 
Nietzsche  and  his  philosophy,  considering  the  subjects,  Nietzsche's 
Emotionalism,  Nietzsche  the  Nominalist,  A  Philosophy  of 
Originality,  Nietzsche's  Zarathrustra,  A  Protest  Against  Him- 
self, Another  Nietzsche  (George  Moore),  Nietzsche's  Disciples. 


136  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  XII,  58.  A  hymn  with  music.  Repub- 
lished  in  Sacred  Tunes. 

IMMORTALITY  A  SCIENTIFIC  TRUTH.  O.  C.  VIII,  4155- 
4157.  Mos  of  this  has  been  republished  in  Religion  of  Science. 

IMMORTALITY  AND  SCIENCE.  O.  C.V,  3022-3026.  Repub- 
lished in  Homilies  of  Science. 

IMMORTALITY  AND  THE  BUDDHIST  SOUL-CONCEP- 
TION. See  s.  v.  "Buddhist  Soul-Conception." 

IMMORTALITY  IN  ANCIENT  EGYPT,  CONCEPTION  OF. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  IX,  4666-4670.  Republished  in  History  of 
the  Devil. 

IMMORTALITY  OF  THE  SOUL.  O.  C.  XIX,  363-368.  A 
reply  to  Mr.  Thaddeus  B.  Wakeman,  with  relation  to  Dr. 
Funk's  The  Widow's  Mite.  The  central  thought  is  ihat  "it 
is  even  better  that  man  should  believe  in  a  mythical  immor- 
tality than  that  he  should  deny  the  truth  of  the  myth  itself." 

IMMORTALITY  OF  THE  SOUL,  ASSYRIAN  POEMS  ON 
THE.  O.  C.  XIX,  107-110.  Translations  of  prayers  for  the 
dying  soul  which  have  been  found  on  ancient  monuments. 

IMMORTALITY,  SPIRITISM  AND.  O.  C.  II,  1360-1362.  See 
s.  v.  "Spiritism." 

INDIVIDUAL  IMPETUS,  IMPORT  OF.  O.  C.  IX,  4444-4446. 
Reply  to  a  review  of  Primer  of  Philosophy,  by  Prof.  John 
Dewey,  emphasizing  especially  the  importance  of  individuality 
in  the  evolution  of  thought. 

INDONESIAN  LEGEND  OF  NABI  ISA.  O.  C.  XXII,  400- 
502.  A  story  of  the  Prophet  Jesus  retold  in  the  style  of  the 
Buddhist  Jatakas,  which  reached  the  island  of  Java  through 
natives  and  not  through  Europeans. 

INFINITE  A  RELIGIOUS  IDEA,  IS  THE?  O.  C  V,  2732- 
2733.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

INFINITUDE  AND  ETERNITY.  O.  C.  II,  870-872.  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Prob. 

INQUISITION,  IS  THE  CHURCH  RESPONSIBLE  FOR 
THE?  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C  XI,  226-243.  Quotes  Catholics 
of  to-day  to  show  diversity  of  views  with  regard  to  the 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  137 


Reformation  and  Inquisition.  Illustrations  have  been  in- 
corporated in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

INSTRUCTION,  PLAYFUL,  AND  GENIUS.  O.  C.  XIII, 
566-570.  See  s.  v.  "Genius." 

INTERNATIONAL  FRIENDSHIP,  FOR  A  RE-ESTABLISH- 
MENT OF.  O.  C.  XIII,  405-410.  Urging  the  desirability  of 
good  feeling  between  Germany,  England  and  America.  Written 
in  comment  on  Wm.  Vocke's  "Timeo  Danaos."  See  also 
"German  in  America,  The"  and  "International  Good-Will." 

INTERNATIONAL  GOOD-WILL.  O.  C.  XIII,  373-375-  With 
reference  to  the  trouble  with  the  Germans  in  Manila  after  the 
Spanish-American  War.  See  also  "German  in  America,  The" 
and  "International  Friendship." 

INTERNATIONAL  LANGUAGE.  Ostwald's  Pamphlet  on 
Universal  Language.  Mon.  XIV,  591-596.  Pasigraphy.  Mon. 
XIV,  565-582.  Esperanto.  Mon.  XVI,  450-455.  Philologists' 
Views  on  Artificial  Languages.  Mon.  XVI,  610-618.  Esper- 
anto, Ilo  and  Malay.  Mon.  XIX,  430-432. 

INVINCIBLE  ARMADA,  THE.  O.  C.  XXIII,  305-306.  Bow- 
ring's  translation  of  Schiller's  verses,  in  which  the  poet  echoes 
the  deep-seated  sympathy  of  his  people  with  the  liberty-loving 
spirit  of  England  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

"IS"  AND  THE  "OUGHT,"  THE.  O.  C.  VI,  3195-3197-  Re- 
published  in  Ethical  Problem. 

IS  DOCTOR  CARUS  A  THEIST?  Mon.  IX,  626-628.  Reply 
to  Amos  Waters.  Republished  in  God. 

ISSA,  THE  LIFE  OF.  Mon.  V,  116-119.  A  review  of  a  book 
by  Nicolas  Notovitch,  purporting  to  be  a  life  of  Christ,  and 
the  reason  it  is  a  fraud. 

"IT  THINKS."  O.  C.  I,  640.  Comments  on  a  dictum  of  Lich- 
tenburg.  We  imagine  that  we  think  when  really  thoughts 
arise  in  us  according  to  irrefragable  laws. 

JAMES,  A  LETTER  FROM  PROFESSOR.  Mon.  XIX,  156. 
Professor  James'  comments  on  Professor  Edwin  Tausch's 
psychological  analysis  of  his  mental  makeup  in  "William 
James,  The  Pragmatist." 


138  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

JAPAN.  See  also  "Battle  of  Shimonoseki,"  "Hokusai,"  "Strug- 
gle in  the  Far  East,"  "The  Yellow  Peril." 

JAPAN,  CHRISTIANITY  IN.  O.  C.  XX,  55.  See  s.  v. 
"Christianity." 

JAPAN,  HISTORY  OF  CHRISTIANITY  IN.  O.  C.  XVI, 
690-693.  See  s.  v.  "Christianity." 

JAPAN,  INTRODUCTION  OF  BUDDHISM  INTO.     See  s.  v. 

"Buddhism." 

JAPAN,  MEMORIAL  ADDRESSES  IN.  O.  C.  XXIII,  383. 
Brief  note  on  the  custom  of  personally  addressing  the  spirits 
of  the  dead  on  definite  memorial  days,  quoting  from  such  a 
representative  oration. 

JAPAN,    MODERN    ART    IN.      O.    C.    XX,    249.      See    s.    v. 

"Art." 

JAPAN,  PHILOSOPHY  IN.  Mon.  IX,  273-281.  See  s.  v. 
"Philosophy." 

JAPANESE  EDUCATION.  O.  C.  XX,  573-574.  A  brief  note 
containing  a  portion  of  a  document  issued  by  the  State  Min- 
ister of  Education,  in  which  he  denounces  the  inclination  of 
the  younger  generation  to  accept  along  with  Western  views 
the  looser  conception  of  moral  maxims. 

JAPAN'S  SEVEN  JOLLY  GODS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXIII, 
49-56.  The  seven  gods  of  bliss  are  compared  with  the  seven 
gods  of  ancient  Babylon  and  the  Aryan  deities  which  give  us 
the  names  of  the  days  of  our  week.  While  the  educated 
classes  in  Japan  have  accepted  the  philosophy  based  either  on 
Confucian  ideals  of  ethical  culture  or  upon  the  Buddhist  world- 
conception,  the  common  people  still  continue  to  practice  what 
appears  to  Europeans  as  idolatry.  The  characteristics  of  each 
of  these  seven  gods  are  enumerated,  and  the  illustrations  show 
how  they  are  exemplified  in  popular  tradition  by  the  artists  of 
the  people. 

JAPANESE    LEADERS.      Illustrated.     O.     C.    XVIII,    454-478. 

Some    account   of   the   history   of   Japan    and    portraits    of   the 

leading  characters  in  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 
JENKINS,   RICHARD,   NOMOTHEISM   OF.     O.  C.   XII,  379- 

381.      Comment   on   a   criticism   of   the    editorial   position   with 

regard  to  a  superpersonal  deity. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  139 


JESUS,  PERSONALITY  OF,  AND  HIS  HISTORICAL  RE- 
LATION TO  CHRISTIANITY.  Mon.  X,  573-610.  The  his- 
toricity of  Jesus  is  insisted  upon  and  his  personality  sympa- 
thetically characterized  by  the  greatest  New  Testament  text 
authorities,  especially  Professor  Holtzmann.  Contents :  The 
Nazarene,  Historical  Sources,  Characteristic  Points  in  the 
Religion  of  Jesus,  Jesus  the  Man  and  His  Method  of  Teach- 
ing, Crucifixion  and  Resurrection  (the  successive  stages  in 
the  development  of  the  belief  in  bodily  resurrection  are 
pointed  out),  Cause  of  the  Success  of  the  Gospels  (their 
superiority  to  gnostic  views,  such  as  the  religion  of  Simon 
Magus,  and  of  the  life  they  portray,  to  the  life  of  Apollonius 
of  Tyana),  Changes  in  the  Evolution  of  Christianity  (Jewish, 
Roman,  Teutonic). 

JEW  AND  GENTILE  IN  EARLY  CHRISTIANITY.  Mon. 
XI,  267-276.  The  Jews  in  the  dispersion  were  greatly  in- 
fluenced by  pagan  thought,  especially  with  the  form  of  Gnos- 
ticism, and  also  of  Mazdaism,  and  Paul  is  a  typical  instance 
among  them.  His  Christianity  was  different  from  the  com- 
munistic society  of  Jew  Christians  at  Jerusalem.  He  prides 
himself  that  he  did  not  receive  the  gospel  of  man,  viz.,  of 
Peter,  or  the  other  Jew  Apostles  at  Jerusalem,  and  he  asserts 
his  apostleship  on  his  vision  alone  (Gal.  i,  17-20,  and  ii,  9-12). 
The  Jew  Christians,  also  called  Nazarenes,  remained  Jews 
and  were  regarded  as  heretics  by  the  Gentile  Christian  church. 

JODL,  IN  ANSWER  TO  PROFESSOR.  O.  C.  IV,  2654-2656. 
Republished  in  Ethical  Problem. 

JOHNSTON,  MR.  CHARLES,  VEDANTISM  OF.  0.  C.  XX, 
92-94.  Mr.  Johnston  sees  in  Vedantism  the  acme  of  Indian 
thought,  while  Dr.  Carus  regards  it  merely  as  a  stepping- 
stone  to  Buddhism. 

JOLIET,  A  VISIT  TO.  O.  C.  IV,  2538.  A  few  words  about  a 
meeting  with  the  Chicago  anarchists  confined  in  the  peni- 
tentiary. 

JUBILATE.  O.  C.  VIII,  4047^051.  A  sermon  delivered  at 
Unity  Church,  Chicago.  Religion  must  have  sentiment  with- 
out being  sentimental ;  must  be  rational,  but  not  rationalistic ; 
must  be  applied  to  practical  life. 


I4o  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

JUDSON,  H.  D.,  RAILROAD  ETHICS  OF.  O.  C.  X,  5025- 
5030.  An  address  delivered  by  an  agent  of  the  C.  B.  &  Q. 
road  breathes  a  wise  spirit,  differing  from  that  shown  by  most 
railway  managements.  It  is  introduced  by  editorial  remarks. 

JUSTICE.  O.  C.  VII,  3535-3539-  Criticism  of  Herbert  Spencer's 
book,  Justice,  and  an  article  on  the  same  subject  by  Mr. 
Salter. 

JUSTICE,  ITS  NATURE  AND  ACTUALIZATION.  O.  C. 
XXI.  In  reply  to  Dr.  Lindorme's  "Law  and  Justice." 

KAMO  NO  CHOMEI,  MEMOIRS  OF.  O.  C.  XVI,  252-253. 
A  review  of  a  German  translation  of  K.  N.  C's  Ho  Jo  Ki, 
which  appeared  under  the  title  Eine  Kleine  Hiitte. 

KAN  YING  FIEN,  THE  TREATISE  ON  RESPONSE  AND 
RETRIBUTION.  O.  C.  XIX,  477-493.  Republished  in  book 
form  under  the  title,  T'ai  Shang  Kan  Ying  P'ien. 

KANT,  MR.  SPENCER  ON  THE  ETHICS  OF.  O.  C.  II, 
1155-1160,  1165-1169;  Mon.  II,  512-526.  See  s.  v.  "Spencer." 

KANT  ON  EVOLUTION.  O.  C.  IV,  2492-2497.  Republished 
in  Kant  and  Spencer. 

KANT'S  ETHICS  OF  DUTY,  MR.  SPENCER'S  HEDONISM 

AND.     Mon.   XVIII,   306-315.      See  s.   v.    "Spencer's." 
KANT'S    PHILOSOPHY    CRITICALLY    EXAMINED.      Mon. 

XII,   181-214.     Republished  in  Kanfs  Prolegomena. 
KANT'S    SIGNIFICANCE    IN    THE    HISTORY    OF    PHIL- 

OSOPHY.     Illustrated.      Mon.    XII,    80-104.      Republished    in 

Kant's  Prolegomena. 

KARMA.  O.  C.  VIII,  4217-4221.  A  tale  with  a  moral,  repub- 
lished  in  Karma,. 


.-  AND   NIRVANA.    Mon.    IV,   4i7-439-    Republished   in 
Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 


K4f  M£'  ^POTHER  BUDDHIST  SONG.     O.  C.  XIX,  49,  50. 

Buddhist  law  of  deeds  in   verse,  and  set   to  music 
I'VIN'     LORD;     WILLIAM     THOMSON.    Obituary     Note. 
:.ien.   XVIII,    151-152. 


TAxAA  G"  R-'  GRAMMARIAN  OF  THE  CELESTIAL 
LANGUAGE.    0.  C.  II,  782-783.    See  s.  v.  "Celestial." 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  141 

KNOWLEDGE.  O.  C.  VII,  3588-3589.  Republished  in  Prim, 
of  Phil. 

KOERNER,  GUSTAV;  IN  MEMORIAM.     O.  C.  X,  4879. 

LABOR-DAY.  O.  C.  VIII,  4207-4211.  Discusses  the  curse  of 
labor  as  drudgery,  the  origin  and  nature  of  labor,  the  bless- 
ings of  labor,  the  dignity  of  labor,  and  the  problem  of  labor. 

LAO-TZE.  O.  C.  XII,  306-308.  An  extensive  review  of  Lao- 
Tze's  Tao-Teh-King,  dwelling  upon  the  significance  of  Lao- 
Tze  in  the  thought  of  the  world. 

LAO-TZE  IN  HIS  DESOLATION.  O.  C.  XXII,  376.  Ex- 
planatory of  the  frontispiece. 

LAO-TZE,  THE  PHILOSOPHER  ADRIFT.  O.  C.  XXIII, 
447.  Brief  note  in  explanation  of  Murato  Tanryo's  painting, 
which  is  used  as  frontispiece. 

LAO-TZE'S  TAO-TEH-KING.  O.  C.  X,  5136-5139;  5146-5149. 
Republished  in  book  of  the  same  title. 

LAO-TZE'S  TAO-TEH-KING,  AUTHENTICITY  OF.  Mon. 
XI,  574-601.  A  discussion  of  Professor  Giles'  higher  criticism 
of  the  Chinese  classic  partly  incorporated  in  Lao-Tze's  Tao- 
Teh-King. 

LAO-TZE'S  TAO-TEH-KING,  MEDHURST'S  NEW  TRANS- 
LATION OF.  O.  C.  XX,  174-181.  See  s.  v.  "Medhurst." 

LAU-TSZE'S  TAU-TEH-KING :  The  Old  Philosopher's  Clas- 
sic on  Reason  and  Virtue  translated.  Mon.  VII,  571-601. 
Republished  in  Lao-Tze's  Tao-Teh-King,  and  Canon  of  Reason 
and  Virtue. 

LAUGHING,  ON  THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF.  Mon.  VIII,  250- 
272.  Laughing  is  the  privilege  of  man;  it  is  an  outburst  of 
sentiment,  but  limited  to  the  realm  of  rational  mentality. 
Here  the  origin  and  meaning  of  the  human  laugh  are  char- 
acterized in  outline,  and  other  pertinent  questions  are  dis- 
cussed. 

LAW,  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  MORAL.  O.  C.  IV,  2606-2608. 
Republished  in  Ethical  Problem. 

LAY  CHURCH,  FOUNDATION  OF  A.  O.  C.  XVII,  52-54. 
A  suggestion  by  which  to  revive,  modernize  and  sustain  church 


142  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

life ;  a  program  for  the  establishment  of  an  organization  for 
the  benefit  of  people  over  whom  the  churches  have  lost  their 
influence. 

LETHARGY,  CATALEPSY  AND  SOMNAMBULISM.  Illus- 
trated. O.  C.  Ill,  1972-1976.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

LIBERAL  CONGRESS,  THE.  See  s.  v.  "Liberal  Religious 
Societies." 

LIBERAL  RELIGION,  THE  GROUND  OF  ALL.  O.  C.  Ill, 
2013-2014.  Notes  on  an  essay  under  this  title  by  F.  E.  Abbot 
in  the  Unitarian  Review. 

LIBERAL  RELIGIOUS  SOCIETIES,  AMERICAN  CON- 
GRESS OF.  O.  C.  IX,  453I-4S33;  X,  4982;  5139-5140.  The 
first  and  third  articles  are  reports  of  the  meetings  of  1895  and 
1896,  and  the  second  one  is  the  report  of  a  committee  ap- 
pointed to  formulate  definitely  the  scope  and  purpose  of  the 
fellowship. 

LIBERAL'S  FOLLY,  THE.  O.  C.  Ill,  2015-2016.  Republished 
in  Homilies  of  Science. 

LIBERALS,  IN  ANSWER  TO  THE  CRITICISM  OF  ILLIB- 
ERAL. Ill,  2107-2108.  See  s.  v.  "Destructive  or  Con- 
structive." 

LIBERTY  AND  NATIONALISM.  O.  C.  IV,  2383-2384.  Com- 
ment on  T.  B.  Wakeman's  "Is  Nationalism  a  Sin  Against 
Liberty  ?" 

LIBERTY  OF  CONSCIENCE  IN  PRUSSIA.  O.  C.  X,  4837- 
4838.  An  instance  of  persecution  in  Germany  inconsistent  with 
Germany's  criticism  of  certain  actions  on  the  part  of  England. 

LIFE  AND  THE  SOUL.  Mon.  XVIII,  192-216.  In  reply  to 
Mr.  J.  Butler  Burke,  who  would  solve  the  problem  of  the 
soul  by  the  natural  selection  of  atoms.  The  article  treats  in 
turn,  vitalism,  metabolism,  animal  life  and  consciousness,  life 
a  product  of  organization,  the  preservation  of  form,  the 
spontaneity  of  living  substance,  the  inner  aspect  or  sub- 
jectivity, memory,  the  religious  aspect. 

LIFE  ETHICS  AND  THE  STRUGGLE  FOR.  O.  C  IV,  2137- 
2138.  Republished  in  Horn,  of  Sci. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  143 

"LIKE  CURES  LIKE"  IN  GREEK  LEGEND.  O.  C.  XIV, 
509.  Brief  note  on  the  origin  of  the  philosophic  principle  of 
homoeopathy,  illustrated  by  an  Etruscan  mirror  representing 
the  healing  of  Telephus  by  the  application  of  splinters  from 
the  spear  of  Achilles  which  made  the  wound. 

LITERARY  DISCUSSION,  ETHICS  OF.     O.  C.  II,  1230-1231. 

Republished   in  Homilies  of  Science. 

LITTRE'S  POSITIVISM.  Mon.  II,  410-417.  Republished  in 
Surd  of  Metaphysics. 

LIVING  THE  TRUTH.  O.  C.  IV  (No.  67),  2589-2590.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

LOCALIZATION  OF  BRAIN  ACTIVITY.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
IV,  2355-2358;  2365-2370;  2379-2383.  Republished  in  Soul  of 
Man  and  in  the  Psycho-logy  of  the  Nervous  System. 

LOOKING  FORWARD.  O.  C.  IV,  2151-2152.  Republished  in 
Homilies  of  Science. 

LORD'S  PRAYER,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XII,  491-500. 
The  Lord's  Prayer,  so  typical  of  Christianity,  is  preserved  in 
different  versions  in  the  New  Testament,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  tersest  of  them  is  the  most  original.  This  consisted 
of  five  prayers,  presumably  to  be  recited  in  rosary  fashion,  ac- 
cording to  the  five  fingers  on  the  hand.  The  several  versions 
are  quoted,  and  also  the  opinions  of  prominent  theologians. 
Prototypes  of  the  Lord's  Prayer  are  found  in  ancient  Hebrew 
traditions,  for  instance,  those  of  Rabbi  Jehudah,  and  the 
meaning  of  the  word  epiousios,  wrongly  translated  "daily,"  is 
discussed. 

LOST  MANUSCRIPT,  THE.  ORIGIN  AND  IMPORT  OF 
THE  NOVEL.  O.  C.  IV,  2628-2630.  Reproduced  as  preface 
to  Freytag's  Novel. 

LOVER  OF  TRUTH,  A.  O.  C.  VIII,  4093-4094.  A  lesson  for 
the  blunt  man  who  insists  on  telling  all  the  truth  at  all  times 
and  assumes  that  others  are  liars  and  hypocrites.  Told  in 
story  form. 

LOW,  CANON.  Remarks  on  his  article,  "GOD  IN  SCIENCE 
AND  RELIGION.  Mon.  VIII,  610-615.  Republished  in  God. 


144  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

MACH,  ERNST,  IN  CONGRATULATION  ON  HIS   SEVEN- 
TIETH   BIRTHDAY.    Mon.    XVIII,    124-125. 
MACH'S    PHILOSOPHY.     Mon.   XVI,   33*-356.      Comments   on 

Mach's    Philosophy,    as    interpreted    by    Dr.    Kleinpeter,    in    his 

article  "On  the  Monism  of   Professor  Mach." 
MACH'S    TERM    "SENSATION."    Mon.    Ill,    298-299.    A    few 

supplementary   remarks    with    regard    to    a    former    controversy. 

See    "Psycho-physics,    Some    Questions   of." 
M'KINLEY,  WILLIAM.     OBITUARY.     O.   C.  XV,  577-578. 
MAGIC,    THE    OLD    AND    THE    NEW.      Illustrated.      O.    C. 

XIV,    333-347;    422-436.      Republished    in    part    in    Evans'    The 

New  and  the  Old  Magic. 
MAGIC   SQUARES,  REFLECTIONS   ON:    MATHEMATICAL, 

HISTORICAL    AND    PHILOSOPHICAL.      Mon.    XVI,    123- 

147.    Republished   in   Andrews's   Magic  Squares  and   Cubes. 
MAHAYANA    DOCTRINE    AND    ART.      Illustrated.      O.    C. 

XVI,  562-566;  621-630.     Comments  on  Amitabha. 
MAITREYA,   ANANDA.     A   BUDDHIST    CONVERT.      O.    C. 

XVI,  250-251.     A  brief  sketch   of  the   life  of  Allan   McGregor. 

MAITREYA,  BHIKKU  ANANDA.    O.  C.  XXII,  573-574.    The 

editor  of  Buddhism  and  his  propaganda  for  the  faith. 
MAN    A    CREATOR.      With    Portraits.      O.    C.    XXI,    378-381. 

The    creation    of    new    species    by    Luther    Burbank    and    Dr. 

Nilsson,  of  Svalof,   Sweden. 
MAN  AND  NATURE,  THE  ONENESS  OF.     O.  C.  II,  1107- 

uio.     Republished  in  Fund.  Problems. 

MARRIAGE  PROBLEM  AND  ETHICS.  O.  C.  1364.  A  com- 
ment on  Prof.  Cope's  suggestion  of  a  five  years'  contract. 
The  solution  of  the  marriage  problem  can  be  accomplished 
only  by  education.  For  marriage  to  be  a  success,  both  hus- 
band and  wife  should  be  animated  by  the  spirit  of  self- 
sacrifice  in  the  idea  of  attending  to  the  higher  duties  of  a 
progressive  humanity. 

MARRIAGE  SERVICES  REVISED.  O.  C.  VIII,  4342.  A 
rewording  of  the  marriage  service  for  the  unchurched,  so  as 
to  preserve,  in  a  dignified  and  appropriate  way,  all  that,  is 
true  and  good  in  the  traditional  formulas  without  retaining 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  145 

expressions    which    imply    a    concession    to    dogmas    no    longer 
believed. 

MATERIALISM,  THE  ERROR  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2823-2824.  In 
answer  to  Col.  Paul  R.  Shipman's  criticism.  Republished  in 
Fundamental  Problems. 

MATERIALISM,  THE  REACTION  AGAINST.  O.  C.  IV, 
2169-2172.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

MATHEMATICAL     DIVERSIONS,     FRANKLIN     SQUARES 

AND     OTHER.    Mon.     XVI,     605-625.     See     s.     v.     "Franklin 

Squares." 
MATHEMATICAL  OCCULTISM  AND  ITS  EXPLANATIpN. 

Mon.    XVII,    109-110.      Editorial    introduction    to    a    symposium 

contributed  to  by   Capt.   J.   F.   C.   Fuller,   W.   S.  Andrews    and 

William  F.  White. 
MATHEMATICS,     A     DESCRIPTION     OF     OPERATIONS 

WITH   PURE  FORMS.     Mon.   Ill,   133-135.     In   reply  to  Mr. 

Edward  Dixon's  criticism  of   "The   Foundations   of   Geometry." 

MATHEMATICS  IN  EDUCATION,  THE  PLACE  OF.     Mon. 

XV,   295-297.     Comments   on    Professor    Lindemann's    efforts    to 

have    mathematics    given    a    more    important    place    in    German 

secondary   schools. 
MATHEMATICS,    THE    OLD    AND    THE    NEW.     O.    C.    II, 

1468-1472.     Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

MATHEMATICS,  THE  PHILOSOPHICAL  FOUNDATIONS 
OF.  Mon.  XIII,  273-294.  Republished  in  The  Foundations  of 
Mathematics. 

MATTER  AND  FORCE  IN  THEIR  RELATION  TO 
GRAVITY,  SIGNIFICANCE  OF.  O.  C.  II,  803-804.  Com- 
ment on  Le  Sage's  theory  of  gravitation,  as  presented  by 
Wilhelm  Stoss,  and  on  an  article  by  J.  G.  Vogt. 

MAZDAISM,  THE  RELIGION  OF  THE  ANCIENT  PER- 
SIANS. Illustrated.  O.  C.  XI,  141-149.  Mazdaism,  the 
religion  of  ancient  Persia,  was  a  monotheism  which  resembles 
greatly  the  doctrine  of  Christianity.  Ahriman  plays  the  same 
part  in  it  as  Satan  in  Christianity.  Mithras,  the  Saviour,  the 
son  of  a  virgin  and  the  all-conqueror,  is  called  "the  Vic- 
torious" and  "Religiousness  Incarnate."  At  his  advent,  the 


146  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

dead  will  arise,  and  while  the   faithful  will  go  to  heaven  with 
transfigured  bodies,  the  evil-doers   will   be   doomed  to   hell. 

MEDHURST'S  NEW  TRANSLATIONS  OF  THE  TAO- 
TEH-KING.  O.  C.  XX,  174-181.  An  extensive  review  con- 
taining many  comparisons  with  Dr.  Cams'  own  translation. 
See  s.  v.  Lao-Tze. 

MEDICI,  DR.  CHARLES  DE.  O.  C.  XXII,  744-749.  See  s.  v. 
"Tragedy  of  a  Lonely  Thinker." 

MEDIUM,  REVELATIONS  OF  AN  EX-.  O.  C.  XXIII,  111- 
118;  280-301.  Excerpts  from  a  book  now  out  of  print  which 
was  written  by  one  of  the  most  successful  mediums  in  the 
United  States,  who,  after  eighteen  years  of  mediumistic  ex- 
periences, gave  up  the  profession  and  entered  practical  life. 
In  doing  so,  he  deemed  it  proper  to  unburden  his  conscience 
and  publish  a  general  confession  of  his  frauds.  It  is  from 
this  book  that  these  extracts  are  taken. 

MEMORY  AND  ORGANIZED  SUBSTANCE.  0.  C.  Ill, 
1900-1902.  Republished  in  the  Soul  of  Man. 

MEMORY,  SENSATION  AND.  O.  C.  II,  1431-1433.  See  s.  v. 
"Sensation." 

MEMORY,  TH.  RIBOT  ON.  0.  C.  I,  264-267.  Presenting 
Ribot's  views  on  memory,  in  which  he  follows  his  contem- 
porary, Hering.  Ribot's  method  is  to  get  an  understanding  of 
evolution  by  studying  dissolution — its  inverse  process. 

MEMORY,  TH.  RIBOT  ON  DISEASES  OF.  O.  C.  I,  344- 
348.  A  resume  of  Ribot's  book. 

MENE  TEKEL.  O.  C.  VIII,  393O-3932.  With  reference  to  the 
lessons  to  be  drawn  from  the  hard  times  of  the  winter  of 
1893-94- 

MER-MONKEY,  THE.  O.  C.  XX,  48-50.  An  actual  occurrence 
relating  how  easily  fact  and  fancy  intertwine  so  as  to  be 
easily  indistinguishable. 

MESHA'S  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.  O.  C. 
XVII,  520-528.  Mesha's  Inscription,  also  called  the  Moabite 
stone,  was  a  most  remarkable  monument  which  relates  events 
which  from  the  Israelitish  standpoint  are  related  in  the  Bibli- 
cal books  of  2  Kings,  iii,  4,  and  in  other  places.  The  article 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  147 

contains    a    reproduction    of    the    stone,    of    the    inscription    in 
Hebrew  characters  and  a  translation  of  the   text. 

MESSAGE  OF  MONISM  TO  THE  WORLD.  Mon.  IV,  545- 
560.  Monism  is  the  principle  that  pervades  the  scientific  tend- 
encies of  our  age,  and  its  applications  to  practical  life  are 
important.  This  article  sketches  these  applications  in  the  three 
great  fields  of  (i)  practical  psychology,  touching  questions  of 
education,  the  judiciary,  and  the  treatment  of  criminals;  (2) 
public  life,  choosing  for  special  consideration  the  much  neg- 
lected topic  of  art;  and  (3)  the  religious  field  of  our  church 
institutions. 

METAPHYSICAL  X  IN  COGNITION.  Mon.  V,  510-552.  Re- 
published  in  Surd  of  Metaphysics. 

METAPHYSICISM.  O.  C.  Ill,  1995-1997.  The  main  error  of 
metaphysicism  is  the  vicious  habit  of  metaphysical  philosophers 
to  start  with  postulates,  whereas  positive  philosophy  rejects 
all  postulates  and  starts  from  the  positive  data  of  experience, 
states  of  consciousness.  Positive  philosophy  recognizes  no  rev- 
elation, no  intuition,  no  mysticism,  no  agnosticism ;  it  deals 
with  facts  only,  and  its  religion  rests  upon  a  scientific  basis. 
Metaphysicism  is  a  disease  of  philosophy,  and  a  fatal  one, 
for  it  leads  straightway  into  the  realm  of  the  mystic  unknow- 
able, where  all  philosophy  is  at  an  end. 

METAPHYSICISM  TO  POSITIVISM,  FROM.  O.  C.  I,  695- 
696.  A  brief  reply  to  a  criticism. 

METAPHYSICS:  THE  USE  AND  MEANING  OF  THE 
WORD.  O.  C.  II,  1313-1314.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

METCHNIKOFF,  ELIE,  AND  THE  CAUSE  OF  SENILE 
DECADENCE.  O.  C.  XVIII,  618-624.  Extracts  from  a  book 
by  this  pupil  of  Pasteur,  who  was  also  his  successor  as  di- 
rector of  the  Pasteur  Institute.  Dr.  Metchnikoff  discovered 
the  significance  of  the  white  corpuscles  in  the  body,  which 
are  really  scavengers  of  the  system.  He  believes  that  in  old 
age  these  corpuscles  have  devoured  their  natural  enemies,  the 
microbes,  and  are  then  obliged,  for  lack  of  food,  to  attack 
the  higher  organs.  He  does  not  claim  to  have  found  the 
solution  to  the  problem  of  the  evils  of  old  age,  but  offers  his 
hypothesis  for  consideration,  according  to  which  one  means  of 


I48  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

fighting  against  senility  would  be  to  strengthen  the  higher 
elements  of  the  organism  and  to  weaken  the  aggressive  ca- 
pacities of  the  phagocytes. 

MEXICO,  PICTORIAL  DOCUMENTS  OF  THE  SIXTEENTH 
CENTURY  BY  NATIVE  ARTISTS  OF  ANCIENT.  Illus- 
trated. O.  C  XII,  746-755.  Reproducing  a  series  of  fifteen 
pictures  made  at  the  command  of  a  native  Mexican  chief. 
They  were  the  official  documents  of  his  little  state  at  the  time 
of  the  conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortez. 

MILLS,     PROF.     LAWRENCE     H.     With     portrait.     O.      C. 

XXI,  189-190.    Some   account   of   his   activities    at   the    age   of 
seventy. 

MILLS,  PROF.  LAWRENCE  H.,  AND  THE  PARSI  COM- 
MUNITY. O.  C.  XXIII,  446-447.  Clipping  from  the  London 
Indian  Chronicle,  giving  an  account  of  the  honor  paid  to 
Professor  Mills  by  the  Parsees  of  London,  whose  guest  he 
was  at  their  annual  festival. 

MILLS,   PROF.    LAWRENCE   H.,    ON   THE   LOGOS.    O.    C. 

XXII,  225-228.    In    the    controversy   concerning    the    prevalence 
of    Persian    ideas    in    Judaism    and    Christianity,    Prof.     Mills 
vigorously  protests   against   the   idea   that  the   Logos-conception 
was  derived  from   Persian   sources. 

MIND,  IS  GOD  A?  O.  C.  V,  2978-2980.  See  s.  v.  "God." 
MIND,  NATURE  OF.  O.  C.  II,  999-1001.  The  derivation  of 
the  word  and  its  synonyms.  "Mind"  denotes  the  intellectual 
faculty  of  a  corporeal  being,  while  "spirit"  may  be  used  in 
the  sense  of  a  disembodied  hobgoblin.  Mind  can  be  said  to 
control  matter  in  the  sense  that  a  thinking  being,  by  means 
of  his  ability  to  think,  can  control  the  motion  of  matter  in 
giving  direction  to  a  certain  amount  of  energy — but  in  no 
occult  sense. 

MIND,  NATURE  OF,  AND  THE  MEANING  OF  REALITY. 
Mon.  II,  434-437.  Suggested  by  Dr.  Worcester's  criticism  of 
Prof.  James's  Psychology.  Terms  "Mind"  and  "Reality"  are 
clearly  defined. 

MIND  NOT  A  STORAGE  OF  ENERGY.  Mon.  V,  282-288. 
In  reply  to  Prof.  Lester  F.  Ward. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  149 

MIND,  ORIGIN  OF.  Mon.  I,  69-86.  Republished  in  The  Soul 
of  Man. 

MIND-READING  IN  THE  NURSERY.  Illustrated.  O.  C 
XIV,  502-508.  Republished  in  Our  Children. 

MINOT'S  DUALISM,  COMMENTS  ON.  Mon.  XIII,  69-79- 
See  s.  v.  "Consciousness,  The  Problem  of." 

MISSIONARY  PROBLEM,  THE.  O.  C.  X,  5124-5125.  Re- 
published  in  Buddhism  and  Its  Christian  Critics. 

MISSIONS,  CHRISTIAN.  Mon.  V,  274-281.  See  s.  v  "Chris- 
tian." 

MTTHRAISM  AND  ITS  INFLUENCE  UPON  CHRISTIAN- 
ITY. O.  C.  XVII,  104-106.  Mazdaism  is  distinguished  by 
its  purity  and  high  moral  tone.  It  influenced  the  western 
world  first  in  the  days  of  Cyrus,  then  when  the  O.  T.  apocry- 
pha were  written,  then  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era, 
when  it  was  a  rival  of  Christianity,  and  again  in  its  revival 
as  manichatism. 

MOLTKE'S  RELIGION.  O.  C.  IX,  4409-4410.  In  Moltke's 
Trostgedankcn  he  accepted  with  pious  reverence  the  spirit  of 
the  religion  of  his  childhood,  the  moral  kernel  of  which  he 
recognized  as  pure  and  nowhere  in  conflict  with  reason.  But 
with  critical  discrimination,  he  set  aside  the  dogmas  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

MONISM  A  TERMINUS  OF  THOUGHT,  IS?  O.  C.  VI,  3178- 
3180.  In  reply  to  Mr.  Ellis  Thurtell's  "Non-Mystical  Ag- 
nosticism." 

MONISM  AND  HENISM.  Mon.  IV,  228-247.  With  special 
reference  to  Dr.  R.  Lewins's  and  Prof.  Lester  F.  Ward's 
monistic  theories. 

MONISM  AND  PHILOLOGY.  O.  C.  II,  884-886.  Giving  ex- 
tensive quotations  from  Noire's  Max  Miiller  and  the  Philosophy 
of  Language. 

MONISM  AND  RELIGION.  O.  C.  I,  694-695.  Monism  does 
not  represent  a  school  of  philosophy.  Its  principle  is  the  basis 
of  science.  From  its  standpoint,  religion  cannot  conflict  with 
science.  True  religion,  so  far  as  it  is  free  from  superstition, 
is  monistic  and  true  ethics  consists  in  the  actualization  of 
monism  in  our  lives. 


i5o  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

MONISM  AND  SOLIPSISM.  O.  C.  IV,  2610.  Brief  remarks 
on  a  letter  from  W.  J.  Gill  in  which  the  difference  between 
monism  and  so-called  solipsism  is  admitted  to  be  merely  a 
matter  of  terms. 

MONISM  AS  THE  FORMAL  PRINCIPLE  OF  COGNITION. 
O  C.  II,  1478-1479.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

MONISM  ARBITRARY,  IS?  Mon.  Ill,  124-127.  A  reply  to 
Mr.  F.  C.  Russell's  criticism  of  the  doctrine  of  a  double-faced 
unity  of  mind  and  matter;  but  they  cease  to  be  strange  when 
we  consider  that  the  nature  of  subjectivity  is  feeling.  Man's 
knowledge  of  his  own  objective  existence  is  not  due  to  any 
internal  and  direct  perception  of  self,  but  solely  to  the  same 
experience  through  which  he  receives  information  concerning 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

MONISM,  DUALISM  AND  AGNOSTICISM.  O.  C.  I,  209- 
212.  Monism  is  here  first  defined  in  The  Open  Court,  and 
its  relation  to  dualism  and  agnosticism.  Monism  traces  being 
and  thinking,  object  and  subject,  matter  and  force  to  one 
source,  thus  explaining  all  problems  from  one  principle,  but 
it  also  stands  in  opposition  to  either  materialism  or  spiritualism. 

MONISM,  GOETHE'S.     O.  C.  II,  782.     See  s.  v.  "Goethe's." 

MONISM  NOT  MECHANICALISM.  Mon.  II,  438-442.  Com- 
ments upon  Prof.  Haeckel's  position. 

MONISM,  ODD  VIEWS  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  1917-1918.  Repub- 
lished in  Fund.  Prob. 

MONISM  OR  MATERIALISM.  O.  C.  VI,  3154-3155.  Conclu- 
sion of  a  controversy  with  Col.  Paul  R.  Shipman. 

MONISM,  PROFESSOR  HAECKEL'S,  AND  THE  IDEAS 
OF  GOD  AND  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  V,  2957-2958.  See 
s.  v.  "God,  etc." 

MONISM,  RELIGIOUS  CHARACTER  OF.  O.  C.  II,  1381- 
1384.  In  answer  to  a  criticism  from  Dr.  Gustav  Carus.  The 
article  briefly  reviews  the  principles  of  monism  and  the  points 
in  which  it  differs  from  the  prevalent  type  of  freethought,  and 
from  materialism ;  and  where  its  ethics  of  meliorism  differs 
from  the  extremes  of  optimism  and  pessimism.  Monism  is 
not  driven  to  the  alternative  of  adopting  either  horn  of  the 
dilemma:  the  order  of  the  universe  is  either  the  work  of 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  151 

a  personal  God  or  the  fortuitous  result  of  the  play  of  blind 
forces ;  but,  instead,  God  is  the  omnipresent  order  of  the 
Cosmos,  and  he  is  immanent  but  not  transcendent. 

MONISM"  TO  THE  WORLD,  MESSAGE  OF.     Mon.  IV,  545- 

560.    See  s.  v.   "Message." 
MONISM   UNTENABLE,   IS?    0.   C.   IV,   2465-2469,  2479-2483. 

Republished   in   Fund.   Probs. 

MONIST,  THE.  O.  C.  V,  3073-3086.  A  sketch  of  its  philosophy 
and  a  review  of  the  first  five  numbers. 

MONOGAMY  AND  FREE  LOVE.  O.  C.  IV,  2699-2700.  Re- 
published  in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

MONROE  DOCTRINE,  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE.  O.  C.  X, 
4780-4782.  With  reference  to  President  Cleveland  and  the 
Venezuela  question. 

MONUMENTS.  Naram-Sin's  Stele.  O.  C.  XVIII,  562-567. 
Siloam  Inscription.  O.  C.  XVII,  662-665.  P'a-lek.  O.  C. 
XVII,  651-656,  747-754-  Rosetta  Stone.  O.  C.  XVIII,  531-536; 
XIX,  89-91.  Russian  Icons.  O.  C.  XVIII,  449-453.  Holy  Edict 
of  K'ang  Hi.  Mon.  XIV,  733-746.  Caaba,  The.  O.  C.  XVII, 
I5I-I53-  Mesha's  Declaration  of  Independence.  O.  C.  XVII, 
520-528.  Pictorial  Documents  of  the  i6th  Cent,  by  Native  Artists 
of  Ancient  Mexico.  O.  C.  XII,  746-755.  Queen  of  Sheba 
According  to  the  Tradition  of  Axum.  O.  C.  XIX,  31-34. 

MORAL  OUGHT,  ANALYSIS  OF  THE.  O.  C.  VI,  3161-3164. 
Comments  upon  Prof.  H.  Sidgwick's  View.  Republished  in 
Ethical  Problem. 

MORALITY  AND  RELIGION,  MR.  GOLDWIN  SMITH  ON. 
0.  C.  V,  2765-2768.  Republished  in  Ethical  Problem. 

MORALITY  AND  VIRTUE.  O.  C.  V,  3011-3013-  Republished 
in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

MORNING  GLORY.  O.  C.  XIX,  447.  A  versified  rendering  of 
a  short  Japanese  poem  after  E.  W.  Clement's  literal  version. 

MOTE  AND  THE  <  BEAM.  O.  C.  Ill,  2099-2100 ;  IV,  2245- 
2247.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

MUELLER,  PROF.  F.  MAX,  AND  ROMANES,  THE  SCI- 
ENCE OF  LANGUAGE  VERSUS  THE  SCIENCE  OF 


152  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

LIFE  AS   REPRESENTED   BY.    Mon.    II,    70-94.    See   j.   v. 

"Evolution,   Continuity  of." 
MUELLER,   PROF.   F.   MAX,   DENOUNCED    FOR    HERESY. 

O.   C.   V,   2829-2832.     Report  of   the   Glasgow    Presbytery. 
MUELLER,  PROF.  F.  MAX.    HIS  THEORY  OF  SELF.     Mon. 

VIII,   123-139.    Republished  in  Surd  of  Metaphysics, 
MUHAMMAD,    SAYINGS    OF.    O.    C.    XX,    33-41.     Comments 

on   the   significance   of   Muhammad   and   the   religion   of   Islam, 

and  a  sketch  of  the  prophet's  life. 

MUSIC  IN  EDUCATION.  O.  C.  XX,  311-313.  Republished  in 
Our  Children. 

MUSIC,  POPULAR.  O.  C.  XIV,  122-123.  A  brief  note  in 
defense  of  American  appreciation  of  art. 

MUSIC,  SIGNIFICANCE  OF.  Mon.  V,  401-407.  Music  is  the 
most  perfect  embodiment  of  purely  abstract  law.  It  is  aglow 
with  sentiment  and  is  the  most  effective  means  of  allaying 
the  passions  of  the  heart,  and  the  reason  is,  that  if  we  could 
analyze  all  the  throbs  of  our  life,  we  would  find  nothing  but 
motion.  Our  physical  life  is  a  sonata  which  we  perform 
without  being  able  to  hear  its  music. 

MUSIC,  SONGS  SET  TO:  Ashvajit's  Stanza.  O.  C.  XIX, 
182-183.  (Same  as  "Essence  of  the  Doctrine.")  Buddha's 
Hymn  of  Victory.  O.  C.  XIX,  49.  Eternity.  O.  C.  XII,  245. 
The  Friar.  O.  C.  XIV,  305-312.  The  God  of  Iron.  O.  C. 
XII,  188.  Godward.  O.  C.  XII,  128.  Karma,  the  Law  of 
Deeds.  O.  C.  XIX,  50.  The  Religion  of  the  Future.  O.  C. 
XII,  S7i.  Three  Characteristics.  O.  C.  XIX,  563.  Unfurl  the 
Flag.  O.  C.  XII,  448.  (1-12.) 

MUSIC.  See  also  "Violin  Music,  A  New  System  of  Notation 
For." 

MYSTERIOUS  BEETLR  O.  C  VI,  3321-3323.  Republished 
in  Twelve  Tales. 

MYSTICISM.  Mon.  XVIII,  75-"O.  Written  in  reply  to  the 
Rev.  John  Wright  Buckham's  "The  Return  to  the  Truth  in 
Mysticism,"  in  order  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  clearness  of 
thought  is  the  first  requirement  for  the  construction  of  a 
true  philosophy,  without  which  mysticism  becomes  positively 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  153 

dangerous.  The  return  to  mysticism  is  discussed,  followed 
by  its  philosophical  basis,  and  a  sketch  of  its  history.  The 
significance  of  the  German  mystics  is  noted  and  the  anonymous 
Theologica  Germanica  is  quoted  in  detail,  as  are  also  many  of 
the  quatrains  of  the  "Cherubinean  Wanderer"  of  Angelus 
Silesius.  See  also  "Clearness,  The  Importance  of,  and  the 
Charm  of  Haziness." 

MYSTICISM,  THE  VALUE  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  2039-2040.  Re- 
published  in  Horn,  of  Sci. 

MYSTIFICATIONS,  UNEXPLAINED.  O.  C.  XXII,  359-363. 
Comment  on  Mr.  Abbott's  "History  of  a  Strange  Case,"  in 
which  it  is  made  clear  that  because  a  spectator  may  not  be 
able  to  explain  the  exact  process  by  which  the  mystification 
is  brought  about,  in  no  way  invalidates  the  impossibility  of 
ghostly  interference. 

NAMES.  O.  C.  IX,  4379-4382.  A  reply  to  Mr.  John  Maddpck's 
letter  of  rejoinder  with  regard  to  definitions  of  "Christian," 
"Christianity,"  etc.  There  cannot  be  found  a  definition  of  the 
essentials  of  faith  which  could  be  agreed  upon  by  the  300,- 
000,000  people  who  bear  the  name.  There  is  no  objection  to 
being  called  a  Christian,  provided  one  may  also  be  entitled 
to  call  himself  a  Buddhist,  a  Freethinker,  a  Kantian,  or  what 
not.  See  also  "Words  and  Their  Meaning." 

NAMING  THINGS  IN  THE  NURSERY,  SIGNIFICANCE 
OF.  O.  C.  XIII,  669-672.  Republished  in  Our  Children. 

NAPOLEON  AND  HENRY  IV.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  52- 
55.  A  contrast  is  drawn  between  Napoleon's  relation  to  the 
pope,  and  that  of  the  German  kings,  exemplified  in  Henry 
IV's  humiliation  at  Canossa. 

NARAM-SIN'S  STELE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII,  562-567.  A 
remarkable  Babylonian  monument,  erected  about  3750  B.  C. 
It  is  of  great  historical  value,  and  bears  witness  also  to  the 
fact  that  the  Babylonian  religion,  including  their  idea  of  the 
trinity,  was  shaped  in  all  its  essentials  by  the  ancient  Stime- 
rians  and  Akkadians. 

NATIVITY,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIII,  710-730;  Xiy,  46- 
50.  The  celebration  of  the  Saviour's  nativity  was  not  limited 
to  Christianity,  but  was  observed  also  among  non-Christians, 


i54  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

the  Krishna  worshipers,  the  Buddhists,  the  Mithraists,  etc., 
and  there  are  many  strange  parallels  in  details  between  pagan 
and  Christian  representations  of  the  scene.  The  birthday  of 
Christ  has  been  settled  on  the  day  of  the  birth  of  Mithras, 
which  was  observed  on  the  25th  day  of  December.  Passages 
of  St.  Ambrose,  Chrysostum,  Prudentius,  are  quoted.  The  birth 
of  Dionysus  and  of  Zeus  were  also  celebrated  with  great  noise 
and  rejoicing. 

NATURE  ALIVE,  IS?  O.  C.  II,  1264-1266.  Republished  in 
Fund.  Prob. 

NATURE  AND  MORALITY.  O.  C  VI,  3186-3189,  3201-3203. 
3210-3211.  An  examination  of  the  ethical  views  of  John  Stuart 
Mill.  Republished  in  Ethical  Problem. 

NAVAL  ACADEMY,  DUPLICATE  THE.  O.  C.  XV,  495-497- 
This  is  a  suggestion  to  Congress,  based  upon  the  importance 
of  the  naval  power  in  the  history  of  nations.  Then,  too,  if 
our  government  gave  the  same  education  to  twice  as  many 
youths  as  there  are  officers  wanted  in  the  navy,  they  would 
educate  a  number  of  efficient  sailors  for  practical  use  in  our 
mercantile  marine  and  would  have  a  reserve  of  trained  men 
for  emergencies. 

NECESSITY,  THE  IDEA  OF;  ITS  BASIS  AND  ITS  SCOPE. 
Mon.  Ill,  68-96.  A  discussion  written  with  reference  to  Mr. 
'Charles  S.  Peirce's  article  on  the  subject  of  necessity.  Neces- 
sity must  be  distinguished  from  the  idea  of  fate.  Bearing  in 
mind  that  necessity  is  not  a  power  outside  of  nature  and 
above  the  will  of  man,  but  that  it  resides  in  man  as  the 
quality  of  sameness,  the  view  that  identifies  necessity  with  com- 
pulsion must  be  abandoned ;  recognizing  thus  that  freedom  of 
the  will  is  not  incompatible  with  the  author's  view  of  neces- 
sitarianism. Under  "The  Basis  of  Necessity"  are  treated:  The 
Idea  of  Sameness,  Sameness  and  Mind,  The  Existence  of 
Sameness  a  Fact,  eindeutig  bestimmt;  under  "The  Scope  of 
Necessity:  Necessity  and  Chance,  Free-Will,  The  Mechanical 
Philosophy,  Spontaneity. 

NERVOUS  SYSTEM  OF  THE  VERTEBRATES.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  IV,  2228-2232.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man;  also  in 
Psychology  of  the  Nervous  System. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  155 

NERVOUS  SYSTEM  OF  WORMS,  RADIATES  AND  AR- 
TICULATES. Illustrated.  O.  C.  IV,  2212-2216.  Republished 
in  Saul  of  Man;  also  in  Psychology  of  the  Nervous  System. 

NESTORIUS  AND  THE  NESTORIANS.  With  illustration. 
O.  C.  XXIII,  171-173.  Some  errors  occur  in  this  article,  which 
are  corrected,  and  the  article  itself  is  expanded  as  republished 
in  the  pamphlet  The  Nestorian  Monument. 

NEW  WINE  IN  OLD  BOTTLES.  O.  C.  IV,  2193-2194.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

NEW  YEAR'S  EVE  AND  NEW  YEAR'S  DAY.  O.  C.  V, 
3071.  Brief  history  of  the  day  and  its  celebration. 

NEWSPAPER,  THE  IDEAL.  O.  C.  Ill,  2014,  iii-iv.  Remarks 
of  Mr.  Henry  E.  Rood  in  the  North  American  Review. 

NEY,  ELISABET.  O.  C.  IX,  309-310.  With  reference  to  her 
famous  bust  of  Schopenhauer. 

NEY,  ELISABET.    Obituary  note.    O.  C.  XXI,  637. 

NIETZSCHE,  FRIEDRICH.  Illustrated.  Mon.  XVII,  230-251. 
A  characterization  of  the  man  and  his  influence. 

NIETZSCHE'S  PHILOSOPHY:  IMMORALITY  AS  A 
PHILOSOPHIC  PRINCIPLE.  Mon.  IX,  572-616.  See  s.  v. 
"Immorality." 

NIRVANA:  A  STORY  OF  BUDDHIST  PSYCHOLOGY. 
O.  C.  X,  5151-5154,  5160-5166,  5160-5173.  Republished  in  book 
form. 

NIRVANA,  ENTER  INTO.  O.  C.  IV,  2635-2636.  Republished 
in  Honi.  of  Science. 

NIRVANA  PICTURE,  WU  TAG  TZE'S.  O.  C.  XVI,  163-166. 
Republished  in  album  form  to  accompany  art  prints  of  this 
sacred  Buddhist  picture.  See  also  "Chinese  Art,"  in  which 
Professor  Giles  is  quoted  as  calling  attention  to  an  error  in 
interpretation. 

NOBEL,  DR.  ALFRED  BERNHARD.  O.  C.  XXIII,  448.  Por- 
trait and  brief  note  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  he  has 
contributed  more  to  universal  peace  by  his  invention  of  ex- 
plosives than  by  his  distribution  of  peace  prizes. 

NORWAY  AND  THE  PEACE  PRIZE.  O.  C.  XX,  186.  Brief 
note  on  John  Lund's  article,  "The  Nobel  Prizes." 


I56  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

NOT  IRRELIGION,  BUT  TRUE  RELIGION.  0.  C.  IX,  4583- 
4587.  Republished  in  Rel.  of  Science. 

NUMBER  TT  IN  CHRISTIAN  PROPHECY,  THE.  Mon.  XVI, 
415-421.  The  oldest  approximation  for  calculating  a  circle  on 
the  path  of  a  cycle  in  ancient  Babylon  was  three  and  one- 
half,  or,  more  generally,  three  and  a  fraction,  and  this  figure 
occurs  again  and  again  in  Apocalyptic  literature  whenever  a 
cycle  of  some  kind  in  days  or  years  is  mentioned.  It  is  strange 
that  pagans  have  not  yet  discovered  that  this  mystic  number  is 
the  relation  of  the  diameter  to  the  circle;  and  so  we  have 
also  the  original  statement  that  Christ  would  rise  from  the 
dead  after  three  days,  which  was  changed  later  on  to  "on 
the  third  day"  because  his  resurrection  was  celebrated  on 
Sunday. 

OLD  AND  THE  NEW,  THE.  Mon.  XIX,  468-473.  In  reply 
to  Mr.  W.  E.  Ayton  Wilkinson's  article,  "Credulity  and  In- 
credulity," treating  especially  the  change  that  has  taken  place 
in  God-conceptions. 

OLD  SYMBOLS  IN  A  NEW  SENSE.  O.  C.  XXI,  573-574. 
Brief  note  in  comment  on  an  article  on  the  swastika  by  Dr. 
Parker,  who  sees,  in  its  pre-Christian  origin,  a  prophecy  of  the 
Church. 

OLD  TESTAMENT  SCRIPTURES.  O.  C.  XV,  156-175.  His- 
tory of  the  Jews  in  relation  to  the  history  of  their  canon,  as 
it  appears  in  the  light  of  scientific  enquiry. 

OLYMPIAN  BRIDES.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  79-100.  Re- 
published  in  The  Bride  of  Christ. 

ONEIROS  AND  HARPAX.  O.  C.  VIII,  4100-4101.  A  legend 
of  the  creation  in  which  Oneiros  is  an  angel  who  brings  fair 
visions  to  man  in  Eden,  but  Harpax  comes  at  the  moment 
of  awakening  and  takes  them  away.  Finally  the  man  and 
woman  left  Eden  and  tilled  the  ground  for  their  bread.  Their 
sorrows  were  multiplied,  but  they  were  undaunted,  and  they 
were  satisfied  that  this  world  of  work,  struggle  and  death,  in 
spite  of  so  many  dangers,  miseries  and  disappointments,  was 
better  than  the  Eden  of  unconscious  happiness. 

ONTOLOGY  AND  POSITIVISM.  O.  C.  IV,  2143-2145.  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Problems. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  157 


ORNAMENT,  EVOLUTION  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII,  291- 
296.  See  s.  v.  "Evolution,"  etc. 

ORPHEUS  MOSAIC,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XV,  566-568. 
This  is  a  mosaic  recently  discovered  in  Jerusalem,  probably 
pagan,  thus  corroborating  the  theory  that  the  early  Christians 
availed  themselves  of  pagan  symbols  before  they  developed  a 
symbolism  of  their  own. 

OSTWALD'S  PAMPHLET  ON  UNIVERSAL  LANGUAGE. 
Mon.  XIV,  591-596.  Prof.  Ostwald's  objections  to  English  are 
negative  and  based  mainly  on  national  prejudice.  The  author 
concludes  by  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  aspiration 
of  constructing  a  world  language  is  in  itself  a  factor  that 
should  not  be  underrated  as  a  symptom  of  the  growing  spirit 
of  international  friendship. 

OSTWALD'S  PHILOSOPHY,  PROFESSOR.  Mon.  XVII,  516- 
540.  An  appreciation  and  a  criticism  of  his  theory  of  energetics. 

OUGHT  AND  THE  IS,  THE.  O.  C.  VI,  3195-3197.  See  s.  v. 
"Is,"  etc. 

OUGHT  AND  THE  MUST,  THE.  O.  C.  IV,  2584-2586.  Repub- 
lished  in  Ethical  Problem. 

PAGAN  CHRISTS.  O.  C.  XIX,  92-99.  An  extended  review  of 
John  M.  Robertson's  book  of  this  name. 

PAGAN  ELEMENTS  OF  CHRISTIANITY;  AND  THE  SIG- 
NIFICANCE OF  JESUS.  Monist  XII,  416-425.  The  idea  of 
a  saviour  existed  before  Jesus,  and  the  word  Christ  appears  in 
the  Septuagint  and  the  Psalms  of  Solomon,  both  pre-Christian. 
Christianity  teaches  that  Jesus  was  the  Christ.  The  pre-Chris- 
tian Christ  conceptions  are  more  mythological.  One  of  them 
is  still  preserved  in  Revelations  XII  and  XIX.  The  prototype 
of  the  latter  is  apparently  Marduk,  and  so  there  seems  to  have 
existed  also  a  worship  of  Serapis  as  Christ,  which  is  indicated 
in  a  letter  of  Emperor  Hadrian.  The  Jews  ignored  the  doc- 
trine of  immortality,  but  Christianity  reintroduced  it,  together 
with  the  Trinity  doctrine  and  the  ceremonial  wailing  day  for 
the  god  that  had  died.  In  a  struggle  between  the  several  forms 
of  Christianity,  it  is  by  no  accident  that  the  one  best  suited 
survived. 


iS8  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

PAGAN  NUN,  A.  O.  C.  XXI,  319.  A  Homeric  hymn  which 
preserves  the  prayer  of  a  vestal  virgin.  Republished  with  illus- 
tration in  The  Bride  of  Christ. 

PAIN  AND  PLEASURE,  NATURE  OF.  Mon.  VI,  432.  The 
traditional  idea  that  pleasure  is  growth,  and  pain,  destruction 
is  opposed.  Growth  is  frequently  attended  by  pain,  and  pain 
is  always  caused  by  disturbance. 

P'A-LEK.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVII,  651-656;  747-754.  Philae 
is  the  Hellenized  form  of  P'a-lek,  "The  Island  of  the 
End."  An  account  of  the  history  of  the  island  up  to  the  time 
it  was  submerged  in  1903  in  the  floods  of  the  Nile. 

PANLOGISM.  Mbnist  VII,  82-89.  Republished  in  Surd  of 
Metaphysics. 

PANPSYCHISM  AND  PANBIOTISM.  Monist  III,  234-257. 
Republished  in  Surd  of  Metaphysics. 

PARABLE  OF  THE  TALENTS.  O.  C.  XIX,  129-130.  A 
Buddhist  parallel  to  the  Gospel  story. 

PARENTHOOD.  O.  C.  XIII,  211-214.  Republished  in  Our 
Children. 

PASIGRAPHY:  A  SUGGESTION.  Mon.  XIV,  565-582.  A 
writing  to  be  read  by  all  nationalities  would  not  be  subject  to 
the  same  difficulties  as  an  international  language,  among  which 
the  various  peculiarities  of  pronunciation  are  not  the  least 

PATRIOTISM  AND  CHAUVINISM.  O.  C.  VIII,  5012.  Re- 
published  in  Tolstoy's  Christianity  and  Patriotism 

PpA™A°™EAARTcH;  A.  PROBLEM  OF  PRACTICAL  DI- 
FLOMACY.  A  Suggestion  to  the  Members  of  the  Peace 
Commission.  O.  C.  XIII,  360-363.  The  plan  of  disarmament 
so  often  proposed  as  a  means  to  bring  about  peace,  is 
repudiated  as  unfeasible,  and  a  proposition  is  made  not  to  give 
power  to  the  members  of  the  tribunal,  which  would  simply 
rnnSl  Purpose  but  to  make  of  it  a  kind  of  international 

conscience.     As   such   the   tribunal    would    grow   in    importance 

P°WCr   °°Uld   aff°rd   to   treat   its    °Pinio"s    with 


'  S9M?  FALLACIES  OF  THE.    O.  C.  XXIII, 
1-339-     Ihis  article  gives  a  report  of  the  second  annual  meet- 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  159 

ing  of  the  National  Peace  Congress  at  Chicago  in  May,  1909. 
The  author  thinks  that  the  peace-at-any-price  agitation  is  not 
only  incapable  of  accomplishing  international  harmony,  but  is 
positively  dangerous  in  its  tendency  to  discourage  the  proper 
equipment  for  self-protection.  Every  country  must  be  able  to 
protect  itself  or  its  rights  will  not  be  respected. 

PEACEMAKERS  IN  TROUBLE.  O.  C.  XXIII,  445-446.  That 
even  advocates  of  peace  cannot  avoid  conflicts  is  illustrated 
by  an  incident  that  occurred  to  a  prominent  one  of  their  num- 
ber. The  author  takes  occasion  to  reply  to  some  objections 
made  against  his  "Some  Fallacies  of  the  Peacemakers." 

PEARSON  ON  THE  BIBLE,  PROFESSOR.  O.  C.  XVI,  152. 
See  s.  v.  "Bible." 

PECHVOGEL,  JOHN.  O.  C.  VIII,  4193-4196.  The  story  of  a 
blunderer  who  died  a  hero. 

PEIRCE,  CHARLES  S.,  THE  FOUNDER  OF  TYCHISM: 
HIS  METHODS,  PHILOSOPHY,  AND  CRITICISMS.  Mon. 
Ill,  571-622.  This  long  discussion  of  Mr.  Peirce's  philosophy 
of  chance  is  divided  into  the  following  heads :  Attention  to 
Detail,  Originality,  A  Modern  Procrustes,  Occam's  Razor, 
The  Application  of  Learning,  The  Principle  of  Positivism,  Lop- 
ping Off  the  Absolute,  The  Theory  of  Probable  Inference, 
Zweidfutig  bestimmt,  Explanation,  Duns  Scotus  as  a  Philosoph- 
ical Patron  Saint,  M'r.  Peirce's  Original  Theories,  The  Four 
Positive  Arguments  of  Tychism  Insufficient,  The  Negative 
Argument  a  Logical  Fallacy.  The  Apriori  and  Positivism, 
Determinism  and  Fatalism,  Natural  Laws,  Causation,  Stray 
Shots. 

PEIRCE,  CHARLES  S.,  ON  NECESSITY.  Mon.  II,  442. 
Brief  note  announcing  editorial  article  on  necessity  to  follow 
Mr.  Peirce's.  See  s.  v,  "Necessity,  The  Idea  of." 

PEOPLE  BY  THE  SEA.     O.  C.  VI,  3275-3276.     Republished  in 

Tzvelve   Tales. 
PERSIAN    DUALISM.     O.    C.    IX,    4683-4685.     Republished   in 

Hist,   of   the   Devil. 

PERSONALITY  OF  GOD.  Monist  IX,  300-305.  Reply  to  Mr. 
W.  E.  Ayton  Wilkinson.  Republished  in  God. 


160  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

PERSONS,  NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  O.  C.  II,  1339- 
1340.  Trusts  and  corporations  are  artificial  individualities  as 
compared  to  nations  and  empires  which  are  natural  individuals. 

PETRARCH.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII,  385-393-  Life  and 
characterization  in  honor  of  his  six  hundredth  anniversary. 

PFLEIDERER,  DR.  OTTO.     Brief  obituary  notice.    O.  C.  XXII, 

SOS- 

PHENOMENA  AND  NOUMENA.  O.  C.  Ill,  1526-1529.  Re- 
published  in  Fund.  Prob. 

PHENOMENAL  AND  THE  NOUMENAL,  ONENESS  OF 
THE.  O.  C.  HI,  1541-1542.  Republished  in  Fund.  Probs. 

PHILIPPINE  IMBROGLIO.  O.  C.  XIII,  504-505.  See  also 
s.  v.  "Expansion  but  not  Imperialism." 

PHILIPPINES,  CHINA  AND  THE.  O.  C.  XIV,  108-110.  See 
s.  v.  "China." 

PHILIPPINES,  HOW  TO  GOVERN  THE.  O.  C.  XXI,  629- 
634.  A  suggestion  in  reply  to  Poultney  Bigelow's  "Japanese 
Panmalaya."  See  also  s.  v.  "Expansion  but  not  Imperialism." 

PHILOLOGISTS'  VIEWS  ON  ARTIFICIAL  LANGUAGES. 
Monist  XVII,  610-618.  Criticism  of  the  impracticability  of  an 
artificial  language,  including  quotations  from  Dr.  Karl  Brug- 
mann,  Professor  of  Indo-Germanic  languages  at  Leipsic,  and 
August  Leskien,  Professor  of  Slavic  tongues  in  the  same  insti- 
tution. 

PHILOSOPHICAL  NOMENCLATURE,  DIFFICULTIES  IN. 
Monist  XV,  633-636.  Comments  on  Mr.  J.  B.  Peterson's  sug- 
gestion contained  in  "Some  Philosophical  Terms,"  with  special 
mention  of  "positive"  and  Anschauung. 

PHILOSOPHICAL  PARTIES  AND  THEIR  SIGNIFICANCE 
AS  FACTORS  IN  THE  EVOLUTION  OF  THOUGHT.  O.  C. 
XI,  5647571-  There  is  a  natural  contrast  in  philosophy  between 
rationalism  and  empiricism.  These  parties  are  as  natural  as 
the  political  divisions  of  Whigs  and  Tories,  Republicans  and 
Democrats,  etc.  There  are  always  likely  to  be  irregulars  cor- 
responding to  populists,  and  it  is  often  equally  natural  for  an 
independent  or  eclectic  party  to  arise  which  demands  the  set- 
tlement of  practical  questions.  Corresponding  parties  appear 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  161 

in  religion.  Pharisees  and  Sadducees  supplied  the  two  ex- 
tremes and  the  Essenes  and  Nazarenes  were  the  irregulars  of 
the  time.  The  reason  of  the  constant  reappearance  of  contrasts 
is  that  both  are  legitimate  and,  though  contrasts,  they  do  not 
contradict  each  other.  A  definite  solution  of  the  issues  between 
realism  and  nominalism,  between  Kant's  apriorism  and  Mill's 
empiricism  is  provided  in  the  philosophy  of  form. 

PHILOSOPHY  IN  JAPAN.  Monist  IX,  273-281.  A  synopsis 
of  a  paper  given  by  Professor  Inouye  of  the  University  of 
Tokio  before  the  International  Congress  of  Orientalists  at 
Paris. 

PHILOSOPHY  OF  A  HUMORIST.  O.  C.  VIII,  4266-4269; 
4203-4204;  4298-4300.  Republished  in  book  form  as  Edward's 
Dream. 

PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE  PERSONAL  EQUATION,  THE. 
Mon.  XIX,  78-84.  A  further  criticism  of  Professor  James's 
Pragmatism,  in  which  special  attention  is  given  to  the  great 
significance  ascribed  in  that  work  to  temperament.  See  s.  v. 
"Pragmatism." 

PHILOSOPHY,  OUR  NEED  OF.  O.  C.  VII,  3783-3786.  Re- 
published  as  a  pamphlet. 

PHILOSOPHY,  THE  ASSOCIATION.  O.  C.  VII,  3611-3612. 
See  s.  v.  "Association." 

PHONOGRAPH,  THE  MECHANICAL  MEMORY  OF  A. 
O.  C.  II,  1032-1033.  The  analogy  of  memory  with  a  phono- 
graph, and  of  the  soul  with  a  composite  photograph,  quoting 
largely  from  Mr.  E.  C.  Hegeler  and  Mr.  I.  G.  Vogt. 

PITHECANTHROPUS.  O.  C.  IX,  4404.  Republished  in  Rise 
of  Man. 

PLATO  AND  THE  CROSS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIII,  364-372. 
Collected  with  other  related  articles.  See  s.  v.  "Cross." 

PLEASURE  AND  PAIN.  O.  C.  Ill,  1987-1989.  Republished  in 
Soul  of  Man. 

POLITICS,  PRESENT  ISSUE  IN  OUR.  O.  C.  X,  5047-5048. 
Significance  of  the  McKinley-Bryan  campaign. 

POLYCHROME  BIBLE  THE.  O.  C.  V,  2877-2880.  An  ex- 
tended review  and  explanation  of  the  work,  with  one  illustra- 
tion. 


162  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

POPE'S  ENCYCLICAL,  THE.  O.  C.  V,  2877-2880.  Comment- 
ing upon  the  encyclical  of  Leo  XIII  in  1891  on  "The  Condi- 
tion of  Labor,"  this  article  acknowledges  that  it  is  a  document 
of  remarkable  wisdom,  apparently  dictated  by  paternal  solicitude 
and  a  love  of  truth  and  justice,  but  differs  on  the  subject  of 
Christian  charity  and  declares  that  the  encyclical  gives  no 
encouragement  to  progressive  ideas. 

POSITIVE  SCIENCE  VERSUS  GNOSTICISM  AND  AGNOS- 
TICISM. O.  C.  IV,  2120-2122;  2145-2147;  2189-2190.  In  an- 
swer to  the  criticism  of  Paul  R.  Shipman  and  republished  in 
Fund  Prob. 

POSITIVISM,  LITTRE'S.  Mon.  II,  410-417.  See  s.  v.  "Lit- 
tre's." 

POSTAL  SERVICE,  OUR.  O.  C.  XVIII,  343-347-  Relating 
how  the  express  companies  interfere  with  the  delivery  of  par- 
cels sent  by  mail,  and  also  how  good  literature  is  discriminated 
against  in  the  second-class  mail  department  while  many  trivial 
periodicals  are  encouraged. 

POSTOFFICE,  SUPREME  COURT  AND  THE.  O.  C.  XVIII, 
348-350.  See  s.  v.  "Supreme  Court." 

POTENTIAL  THINGS,  ON.  Mon.  X,  288-293.  Editorial  reply 
to  Daniel  Bright. 

POWELL,  MAJOR,  THE  CHIEF.  O.  C.  XVI,  630-640,  716. 
The  first  is  an  obituary  notice  with  portrait,  the  second  a  brief 
eulogy  with  special  reference  to  the  honorary  doctor's  degree 
received  from  Heidelberg  University. 

PRAGMATISM.  Monist  XVIII,  321-362.  This  critique  of  the 
prevalent  popular  philosophy  as  set  forth  by  Professor  James 
is  reprinted  in  pamphlet  form,  and  discusses  the  pragmatist's 
conception  of  truth,  the  useful  lie,  truth  compared  to  cash 
value,  the  objective  significance  of  truth,  oneness  and  reason, 
the  mind  and  the  universe,  time  and  space,  love  of  facts  and 
mysticism,  misunderstood,  the  personal  equation,  the  plasticity 
Dt  truth,  Ptolemy  and  Copernicus,  Euclid  and  Aristotle,  ma- 
enalism  and  spiritualism,  religious  problems,  tychism,  the  en- 
emies of  pragmatism,  the  philosophy  of  tolerance. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  163 


PRAGMATISM,  A  GERMAN  CRITIC  OF.  Monist  XIX,  136- 
148.  Extensive  quotations  in  translation  of  a  criticism  of  prag- 
matism by  Ludwig  Stein  of  Berne. 

PRAGMATISM,  A  POSTSCRIPT  ON.  Monist  XIX,  85-94. 
In  comment  on  Professor  James's  review  of  Marcel  Hebert's 
book  which  treats  of  "Pragmatism  and  Its  Various  Anglo- 
American  Forms." 

PRAGMATISM:  PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE  PERSONAL 
EQUATION.  MONIST  XIX,  78-84.  See  s.  v.  "Philosophy." 

PRAJNAPARAMITA.  O.  C.  XVI,  367-368.  The  history  of 
a  statue  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Leyden  representing  "the 
Perfection  of  Wisdom."  It  is  a  specimen  of  ancient  Buddhistic 
art  in  Java  and  a  reproduction  is  given  in  the  frontispiece  of 
the  number. 

PRE-EXISTENCE  AND  IMMORTALITY.  0.  C.  VIII,  4315- 
4317.  A  study  of  the  nature  of  the  soul  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Louis  Prang's  objections. 

PRESBYTERIAN,  IN  REPLY  TO  A.  O.  C.  X,  5016-5021. 
Replying  to  a  criticism  of  Religion  of  Science,  and  republished 
in  the  3d  ed.  of  that  book. 

PRIMITIVE  MAN.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XX,  65-80.  Republished 
in  Rise  of  Man. 

PRO  DOMO.  O.  C.  XIX,  577-587.  In  comment  on  a  criticism 
of  the  author's  position,  in  "The  Expository  Times."  It  is 
maintained  that  a  scientific  conception  of  Christianity  is  the 
necessary  and  historical  product  of  religious  evolution,  and  that 
those  who  have  not  yet  reached  this  goal  are  bound  to  come 
to  the  same  conclusion  sooner  or  later. 

PROGRESS,  RELIGION  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2964-2965.  Republished 
in  Homilies  of  Science. 

PROGRESS,  TEST  OF.     O.  C.  V,  2915-2917.     See  s.  v.    "Test." 

PROMETHEUS  AND  THE  FATE  OF  ZEUS.  O.  C.  V,  2970- 
2971.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

PROTO-SEMITISM,  THE  RELIGION  OF.  O.  C.  XVIII,  421- 
429.  An  account  of  Prof.  Samuel  Ives  Curtiss'  Primitive 
Semitic  Religion  To-Day,  and  its  enlarged  German  edition. 


164  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL  PROBLEM  AND  RELIGION,  THE.  O.  C. 
IV,  2341-2343.  Republished,  in  Soul  of  Man. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL  TERMS.  O.  C.  VII,  3712-3714.  Repub- 
lished in  Prim,  of  Phil. 

PSYCHOLOGY  A  DOMAIN  OF  ITS  OWN.  Mon.  XIX,  387- 
398.  With  special  reference  to  Prof.  Robertson's  biochem- 
ical interpretation  of  mental  phenomena;  discusses  the  impor- 
tance of  psychology,  the  doctrine  of  parallelism,  the  nature  of 
memory  as  the  preservation  of  living  forms  and  as  a  soul- 
builder. 

PSYCHOLOGY,  A  STUDY  IN  ABNORMAL.  Monist  XIX, 
148-155.  A  review  with  extensive  quotations  from  Dr.  Mor- 
ton Prince's  The  Dissociation  of  a  Personality. 

PSYCHOLOGY,  THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW.  O.  C.  IV,  2412- 
2413.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

PSYCHO-PHYSICS,  SOME  QUESTIONS  OF.  Mon.  I,  401- 
420;  III,  298-299.  A  discussion  of  "Feelings  and  the  Elements 
of  Feelings,"  republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

QUALITY,  SIGNIFICANCE  OF.  Monist  XV,  375-385.  Writ- 
ten in  reply  to  "Quality  and  Quantity,"  by  M.  Johannes  Gros. 
There  is  no  quality  in  itself,  nor  is  there  any  occult  meaning 
to  the  idea  of  quality.  It  is  simply  a  question  of  form,  and  as 
such  its  significance  cannot  be  overrated. 

QUEEN  OF  SHEBA  ACCORDING  TO  THE  TRADITION 
OF  AXUM.  O.  C.  XIX,  31-34.  Review  of  an  Abyssinian 
account  of  the  Queen  of  Sheba  and  her  visit  to  King  Solomon. 

RAILROAD  ETHICS  OF  MR.  H.  D.  JUDSON.  O.  C.  X,  5025- 
5030.  See  s.  v.  "Judson." 

RAILROAD  STRIKE,  TRAVELING  DURING  A.     O.  C.  VIII, 

4140-4142.     See  j.  v.    "Traveling." 

RAINBOWS  AND  BRIDGES.  O.  C.  IX,  4388-4389.  Comments 
on  idealism. 

RATIONALISM    IN    THE    NURSERY.      O.    C.    XIII,    98-109. 

Republished  in  Our  Children. 

RATZEL'S  HISTORY  OF  MANKIND.  O.  C.  XII,  118-120. 
An  extensive  review  with  illustration. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  165 

REAL  AND  REALITY.  O.  C.  IV,  2316.  A  brief  reply  to  a 
criticism  in  Freethought. 

REALITY,  THE  NATURE  OF  MIND  AND  THE  MEANING 
OF.  Mon.  II,  434-437.  See  s.  v.  "Mind." 

REASON.  O.  C.  VII,  3688-3692.  Republished  in  Primer  of 
Phil. 

REASON  WHY  ABBE  CHARBONNEL  FAILED.  O.  C.  XII, 
300-305.  He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  a  Religious  Parliament 
to  be  held  at  the  Paris  exposition  in  1900. 

REFLEX-MOTIONS,  THREE  PHASES  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  2084- 
2086.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

RELIGION  A  FEELING  OF  DEPENDENCE?  IS.  O.  C.  XIII, 
363-365.  A  comment  on  Schleiermacher's  definition  of  religion 
with  reference  to  Sasha  Schneider's  picture  of  this  conception. 

RELIGION  AND  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  Ill,  2087.  Repub- 
lished in  Horn,  of  Science. 

RELIGION  AND  MORALS.  O.  C.  II,  981-982.  In  answer  to 
Prof.  Von  Gizycki's  statement  that  theology  and  metaphysics 
have  nothing  to  do  with  morality. 

RELIGION  AND  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  I,  405-407;  II,  1217.  The 
first  article  gives  an  exposition  of  the  significance  of  the  re- 
ligion of  science,  claiming  that  the  only  true  religion  in  its 
application  to  real  life  is  ethics.  The  second  is  a  resume  of 
the  Theophilus  discussion  in  the  second  volume  and  consists 
of  definitions  of  the  terms — truth,  science,  knowledge,  religion, 
morals,  and  ethics. 

RELIGION  AND  SCIENCE,  CONCILIATION  OF.     O.  C.  VI, 

3285-3286.     See   s.  v.   "Conciliation." 
RELIGION  AND   SCIENCE,   SUPERSTITION  IN.     O.   C.  II, 

837-839.     In  answer  to  D.  Theophilus. 

RELIGION  BASED  UPON  FACTS.  0.  C.  Ill,  2104-2106.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

RELIGION,  DEFINITION  OF.  Mon.  XIV,  766-770.  In  brief, 
religion  covers  man's  relation  to  the  entirety  of  existence.  The 
characteristic  feature  of  religion  is  conviction,  and  its  content 
a  world-conception  which  serves  for  the  regulation  of  conduct. 


166  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

RELIGION  IN  FAIRY  TALES.  O.  C.  XIII,  184-185.  Repub- 
lished  in  Eros  and  Psyche. 

RELIGION  INSEPARABLE  FROM  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  VII, 
3560.  We  cannot  dispense  with  a  rational  inquiry  into  truth  in 
our  religion. 

RELIGION  OF  ENLIGHTENMENT.  O.  C.  XVII,  567-568. 
Republished  in  The  Dharma. 

RELIGION  OF  OUR  ANCESTORS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XI, 
177-285.  Survivals  in  Christianity  of  the  paganism  of  northern 
Europe. 

RELIGION  OF  PROGRESS,  THE.  O.  C.  V,  2964-2965.  See 
s.  v.  "Progress." 

RELIGION  OF  RESIGNATION.  O.  C.  Ill,  2051-2052.  Repub- 
lished in  Horn,  of  Science. 

RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  VII,  3511-3512;  3634-3647; 
36f>:3644;.  3649-3652;  3658-3660;  3668-3669;  3672-3674.  Re- 
published  in  book  form,  except  the  first  article,  which  sums  up 
the  position  of  the  Open  Court  on  science,  religion,  truth  etc 
the  occasion  being  the  change  in  the  headline  of  the  magazine 
to  Devoted  to  the  Religion  of  Science." 

RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE.  Mon.  II,  600-606.  Quotations  from 
and  comments  on  Professor  Jodl's  article  discussing  the  phT 
sophical  principles  m  the  conflict  in  Germany  between  the 
DubHc  £L°  ^V^P^'n.of  religious  instruction  in  he 
public  schools,  and  the  progressive  educators 

RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE,  CATHOLICITY  OF  THE  O  C 
Trinity3'  comment  "P°n  Canon  Low's  exposition  of  '  the 

HARNACK 
THE' 


BUECHNER  ON.    O.  C.  11,965-967.    See 

RELIGION  OF  THE  FIJTTIRF     n    r    VTT 
music.    RepublishVdin  Ja^l'rLJ-™'571-     H^mn  set  to 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  167 

RELIGIpN,  PROGRESS  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2834.  A  comment  on 
the  Briggs  controversy  written  before  the  heresy  trial. 

RELIGION,  PROSPECTS  OF.  O.  C.  IX,  4708-4709.  The 
future  of  mankind  will  not  be  an  age  of  irreligion,  but  the 
religion  of  the  future  will  be  based  on  science. 

RELIGION,  STATE  CONFERENCES  OF.  0.  C.  XIII,  313. 
Brief  note  on  the  conference  instituted  by  the  churches  of  the 
state  of  New  York  after  the  pattern  of  the  Religious  Parlia- 
ment of  1893. 

RELIGION,  THE  LOVE  OF  TRUTH  AND  THE  APPLICA- 
TION OF  TRUTH.  O.  C.  VI,  3480-3484.  After-dinner 
speeches  on  problems  of  agnosticism  delivered  in  London  in 
answer  to  agnostic  friends,  mainly  W.  Stewart  Ross  (Saladin) 
and  F.  J.  Gould. 

RELIGION,  UNIVERSAL  AND  SPECIAL.  O.  C.  X,  5012- 
5013.  Comments  on  Rev.  Alfred  Martin's  "universal  religion." 
The  position  is  taken  that  his  work  would  be  more  efficient  if 
he  ceased  to  denounce  denominations  which  are  working  on 
parallel  lines  simply  because  they  do  not  sink  their  individuality 
into  the  pure  abstraction  of  universal  religion. 

RELIGIONS  OF  CHINA.  O.  C.  XVII,  622-624.  See  s.  v. 
"China." 

RELIGIOUS  PARLIAMENT,  EUROPEAN  OPINIONS  ON 
THE  SECOND.  O.  C.  X,  4807-4810.  A  collection  of  letters 
on  the  proposed  Paris  religious  parliament  in  1900. 

RELIGIOUS  PARLIAMENT  EXTENSION.  O.  C.  IX,  4355- 
4356.  Report  of  the  New  Year's  Reunion,  1895. 

RELIGIOUS  PARLIAMENT  EXTENSION,  THE  WORLD'S. 
Mon.  V,  345-353.  A  few  words  of  encouragement  for  the 
movement  inaugurated  at  the  New  Year's  meeting,  1895,  in- 
cluding messages  of  greeting  from  prominent  participators  of 
the  first  Parliament. 

RELIGIOUS  PROBLEM,  THE.  O.  C.  IV,  2263-2264.  Repub- 
lished  in  Horn,  of  Science. 

RELIGIOUS  TRUTH  POSSIBLE?  IS.  O.  C.  VII,  3883-3884. 
In  answer  to  Mrs.  Alice  Bodington,  an  agnostic.  The  nature 
of  our  religious  ideal  is  as  much  predetermined  as  man's  rea- 


168  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

son  and  the  multiplication  table;  for  religious  truth  is  ulti- 
mately founded  in  the  immutable  and  eternal  constitution  of  the 
universe. 

RENDER  NOT  EVIL  FOR  EVIL.  O.  C.  IV,  2123-2125.  Re- 
published  in  Horn,  of  Science. 

REPRESENTATION  WITHOUT  TAXATION.  O.  C.  XVI, 
183.  Brief  editorial  note  on  the  irresponsible  voter  who  is  not 
a  property-holder. 

RESURGAM.  O.  C.  X,  4906-4908.  In  answer  to  Mr.  George  M. 
McCrie.  The  soul  is  form ;  man  consists  not  of  the  material 
particles  of  his  body,  but  the  strength  of  our  days  is  labor  and 
sorrow;  and  if  our  labor  is  not  in  vain,  it  shall  continue  to  be 
effective  after  death. 

RESURRECTION  A  HYPERHISTORICAL  FACT.  0.  C. 
XIX,  600-696.  Explains  what  higher  criticism  has  to  say  on 
the  subject.  (Quotations  from  Holtzmann.)  Theology  no 
longer  insists  as  strongly  as  formerly  on  the  bodily  resurrec- 
tion, but  looks  upon  it  more  as  the  symbol  of  the  truth  of 
immortality. 

RESURRECTION  AND  IMMORTALITY,  THE.  O.  C.  XXI, 
198-201.  A  critical  summary  of  the  resurrection  accounts. 
With  the  change  of  our  views  concerning  immortality  from 
a  belief  in  the  revival  of  the  body  to  a  belief  in  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  we  have  grown  more  accustomed  to  consider 
the  account  of  Christ's  resurrection  as  a  legend  in  which  the 
current  notion  of  life  after  death  among  the  early  Christians 
found  its  typical  embodiment. 

RESURRECTION,  CHRISTIAN  DOCTRINE  OF  THE,  Mon- 
ist  XV,  115-119.  In  comment  on  the  view  of  James  Riggs, 
D.  D.,  pointing  out  divergent  views  of  the  risen  Christ  as 
stated  by  St.  Paul.  Present  theological  authorities  by  no  means 
agree  as  to  the  character  of  the  resurrection,  and  of  the  nature 
of  the  risen  Christ. 

RESURRECTION,  THE  DOCTRINE  OF  THE,  AND  ITS 
SIGNIFICANCE  IN  THE  NEW  CHRISTIANITY.  O.  C. 
IX,  4738.  A  comment  on  the  views  of  the  Rev.  George  J. 
Low,  and  the  Reverend  Haweis,  who  wish  the  doctrine  reinter- 
preted. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  169 

RESURRECTION,  THE  FESTIVAL  OF.  O.  C.  IV,  2179-2180. 
Republished  in  Horn,  of  Science. 

RETROSPECT  AND  PROSPECT.  O.  C.  XXI,  i-io.  An  ex- 
position of  the  aims,  methods  and  spirit  of  the  work  of  The 
Open  Court  after  twenty  years  of  existence.  The  following 
heads  are  discussed:  The  Work  of  The  Open  Court,  Science 
the  Reformer,  Evolution,  Fulfillment  not  Destruction,  The  Root 
of  Religion,  God,  The  Duty  of  Inquiry,  The  Divinity  of 
Science,  The  Old  Terms  in  a  New  Sense,  The  God  of  Truth, 
No  Substitute,  Difference  and  Unity  in  Religion,  The  Future. 

REVELATION.  O.  C.  IV,  2277-2278.  Republished  in  Homilies 
of  Science. 

REVOLUTION?  DO  WE  WANT  A.  O.  C.  (No.  166)  IV, 
2590-2591.  Republished  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

REVOLUTION,  THE  MODERN  STATE  BASED  UPON. 
O.  C.  VIII,  3970-3971.  Republished  in  Nature  of  the  State. 

REVOLUTION,  THE  RIGHT  TO.  O.  C.  VIII,  3961-3963.  Re- 
published  in  Nature  of  the  State. 

RIBOT  ON  DISEASES  OF  MEMORY.  0.  C.  I,  344-348.  A 
resume  of  Ribot's  Diseases  of  Memory. 

RIBOT  ON  MEMORY.    O.  C.  I,  264-267.    See  s.  v.   "Memory." 

RIBOT  ON  WILL.  O.  C  I,  455-458;  487-490.  A  resume  of 
Ribot's  Diseases  of  the  Will. 

RIBOT'S  PSYCHOLOGY.  O.  C.  VII,  3661-3662.  Notes  in 
comment  on  Mr.  Edward  Sokal's  article. 

RIDDLE  OF  THE  UNIVERSE,  THE  KEY  TO  THE.  Mon. 
V,  408-411.  A  disquisition  on  Mr.  Edward  Douglas  Fawcett's 
philosophy.  The  key  lies  in  a  correct  comprehension  of  the 
nature  of  form. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH  AND  THE  JESUITS.  O.  C. 
XVI,  40-43.  Comments  on  an  article  by  M.  Ladaveze  dis- 
cussing those  characteristics  of  the  Jesuits  which  distinguish 
them  from  other  Monastic  orders.  Although  they  seem  to  be 
extremists  in  orthodox  doctrine,  there  is  frequently  hostility 
between  the  Jesuits  and  the  Church  and  they  were  expelled 
from  France  a  few  years  ago.  It  is  also  true  that  the  Jesuit 


170  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

order  bears  remarkable  similarities  to  the  Mussulman  secret 
societies. 

ROMAN  CHURCH,  AMERICANISM  IN  THE.  O.  C.  XIII, 
253-255.  See  s.  v.  "Americanism." 

ROMANES,  PROF.  GEORGE  JOHN.  Obituary  notice  with 
portrait.  O.  C.  VIII,  4111-4112. 

ROMANES,  GEORGE  JOHN:  IN  MEMORIAM.  (With  por- 
trait.) Monist  IV,  482. 

ROMANES,  G.  J.,  AND  MAX  MUELLER,  SCIENCE  OF  LAN- 
GUAGE  VERSUS  THE  SCIENCE  OF  LIFE  AS  REPRE- 
SENTED BY.  Mon.  II,  70-94.  See  s.  v.  "Evolution,  Con- 
tinuity of." 

ROMANES'  THOUGHTS  ON  RELIGION.  Mon.  V,  385-400. 
Republished  in  Dawn  of  a  New  Era. 

ROME  AND  SCIENCE.  O.  C.  IX,  4365-4366.  Comments  on 
a  speech  by  Archbishop  Ireland. 

ROSETTA  STONE,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII,  531-536. 
The  Rosetta  stone,  written  in  three  languages,  is  the  key  by 
the  help  of  which  the  Egyptian  alphabet  was  deciphered.  The 
three  parts  of  the  stone  are  here  reproduced,  and  the  names 
Cleopatra  and  Ptolemy,  which  were  used  by  Champollion,  iden- 
tified with  hieroglyphs. 

ROSETTA  STONE,  THE  HISTORY  AND  SIGNIFICANCE 
OF.  O.  C.  XIX,  89-91.  This  article  complements  the  preced- 
ing by  recapitulating  the  history  of  the  rosetta  stone,  on  the 
authority  of  Professor  E.  A.  Wallis  Budge. 

ROSMINI'S  PHILOSOPHY.  O.  C.  VII,  3685-3688.  Repub- 
lished in  Ethical  Problem. 

RUSSIAN  ICONS.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII,  449-453.  The 
Reformation  did  not  reach  Russia,  and  so  the  reverence  shown 
to  icons  (images  or  pictures)  is  still  one  of  the  characteristic 
features  of  the  Russian  Orthodox  Church. 

SALUTATORY.  O.  C.  XI,  1-15.  This  article  explains  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Open  Court;  the  significance  of  science  for  re- 
ligion; and  the  helplessness  of  agnosticism,  the  philosophy  of 
nescience.  Several  superstitions  of  modern  liberalism  are  re- 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  171 


pudiated.  No  awe  should  be  attached  to  Energy  (spelled  with 
a  capital  "E"),  First  Cause,  the  Infinite,  etc.  Most  of  the 
unknowables  of  agnosticism  are  due  to  a  mere  confusion  of 
thought.  Not  what  is  unknown  to  us  is  of  religious  signifi- 
cance, but  everything  that  authoritatively  determines  human 
conduct. 

SAMARITANS,  THE.  O.  C.  XXII,  488-491.  Review  of  Dr. 
James  Alan  Montgomery's  book. 

SAMPIETRO'S  MOTHER.  O.  C.  XIX,  756-758.  A  folk-tale 
parallel  to  the  story  of  the  spider-web  in  Karma. 

SAMSON  STORY,  MYTHICAL  ELEMENTS  IN.  Illustrated. 
Monist  XVII,  33-83.  Republished  in  The  Story  of  Samson. 

SANTA  CLAUS.  O.  C.  XIII,  45-50.  Republished  in  Our  Chil- 
dren. 

SCHEFFLER,   JOHANNES.     See   "Angelas    Silesius." 

SCHILLER,  FRIEDRICH.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIX,  260-318. 
Republished  in  Friedrich  Schiller. 

SCHILLER  AS  A  PROPHET.  O.  C.  XI,  214-220.  Republished 
in  Friedrich  Schiller. 

SCHILLER  THE  DRAMATIST.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  330-344; 
407-419.  Republished  in  Friedrich  Schiller. 

SCHOLAROMANIA.  O.  C.  IX,  4335-4337-  In  reply  to  Pro- 
fessor J.  Estlin  Carpenter's  critique  of  the  author's  Gospel  of 
Buddha. 

SCHOOL,  ANTICIPATE  THE.  O.  C.  XIII,  747-757-  Repub- 
lished in  Our  Children. 

SCHOPENHAUER,  THE  PROPHET  OF  PESSIMISM.  O.  C. 
XI,  257-264.  With  autograph  of  the  great  pessimist,  reproduc- 
tion of  bust  by  Elisabet  Ney,  and  four  photographs,  together 
with  extracts  from  Schopenhauer,  and  an  appreciative  criticism 
of  his  philosophy. 

SCIENCE.    O.  C.  VII,  3520-3521.    Republished  in  Prim,  of  Phil. 

SCIENCE  A  RELIGIOUS  REVELATION.  O.  C.  VII,  3809- 
3814;  4253-4254.  Republished  in  pamphlet  form. 

SCIENCE  AND  ETHICS.  O.  C.  IV,  2590-2592.  Republished 
in  The  Ethical  Problem. 


172  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

SCIENCE  AND   IMMORTALITY.     O.    C.   V,   3022-3026.     See 

s.  v.    "Immortality." 
SCIENCE  AND   RELIGION.     O.   C.   IV,   2678.     Comments  on 

Dr.   Robert   Lewins'   article   on  the   incongruity  of  science   and 

religion. 
SCIENCE,  GOD  OF.    Mon.  XIV,  458-469-    See  s.  v.   "God,  etc." 

SEAL  OF  CHRIST,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIV,  229-245. 
The  oldest  symbol  of  Christianity  is  not  the  cross,  but  the  seal 
of  Christ,  mentioned  in  the  epistles  of  Paul,  which  are  the 
earliest  writings  of  the  New  Testament.  It  is  difficult  to  prove 
definitely  what  it  was,  but  very  probably  it  was  the  ^simple 
equilateral  cross  formed  of  two  equal  intersecting  lines,  instead 
of  the  Roman  cross  of  the  crucifixion,  by  which  later  it  was 
naturally  replaced.  The  article  also  contains  considerable  mis- 
cellaneous material  of  great  interest  following  the  articles  on 
the  Cross  as  an  aftermath.  Illustrations  of  many  interesting 
crosses  from  widely  different  sources  are  here  collected  and 
explained. 

SECULARISM,  MR.  G.  J.  HOLYOAKE'S.  O.  C.  X,  5092-5094. 
See  s.  v.  "Holyoake." 

"SELF,"  MEANING  OF.  O.  C.  VIII,  4240-4243.  In  answer  to 
Mr.  George  M.  McCrie's  article,  "The  Barriers  of  Personality." 

SELF,  PROF.  F.  MAX  MUELLER'S  THEORY  OF  THE.  Mon. 
VIII,  123-139.  See  s.  v.  "Muller." 

SELF-RESIGNATION,  ADVANTAGES  OF.  O.  C.  X,  5115- 
5118.  Both  Christian  and  Buddhist  ethics  teach  self-abnega- 
tion, and  the  religion  of  science  joins  them  in  the  spirit  of 
their  teachings.  He  who  is  anxious  to  preserve  his  self  in  its 
separateness  will  surely  fail,  for  his  present  individuality  will 
be  dissolved  in  death ;  but  he  whose  aim  is  to  be  an  incarna- 
tion of  truth  is  sure  to  succeed.  He  has  attained  immortality. 
Napoleon,  Omar  Khayyam,  Goethe,  Newton,  are  used  as  in- 
stances of  different  attitudes. 

SENSATION  AND  MEMORY.  O.  C.  II,  1431-1433.  Repub- 
lished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

SENSES,  THE  LIMITATIONS  OF  OUR.  O.  C.  IV,  2119  2120. 
The  fallacy  of  the  agnostic's  position  is  pointed  out;  for, 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  173 


though  sensations  are  the  basis  of  all  knowledge,  man's  knowl- 
edge is  not  limited  to  his  own  direct  sensations. 

SEVEN,  THE  SACRED  NUMBER.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XV, 
335-340;  412-427.  A  compilation  of  the  part  which  the  number 
seven  played  in  Babylon,  and  among  other  nations.  There  are 
the  seven  sages,  the  seven  stories  of  the  Ziggurat,  the  seven 
planets,  and  the  seven  week  days,  the  seven  stars  cf  the  Pleia- 
des. Among  the  Buddhists  there  are  the  seven  gems,  the  seven 
jewels  of  the  law,  etc.  In  Greece,  as  well  as  in  China,  there 
are  seven  sages,  there  is  the  seven-armed  candlestick  of  the 
Jews,  the  seven  gifts  of  the  spirit  among  the  Christians,  etc. 

SEXUAL  ETHICS.  0.  C.  IV,  2675-2676.  Republished  in  Horn, 
of  Science. 

SHAKESPEARE,  THE  ORIGINAL  OF  THE  DROESHOUT. 
O.  C.  XX,  572-573.  An  oil  painting  (reproduced  for  frontis- 
piece) has  been  brought  to  light,  which  may  be  the  original 
from  which  the  famous  Droeshout  engraving  was  made. 

SHAKESPEARE?  WHO  WROTE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII, 
65-106.  Without  making  original  independent  research,  the 
author  thinks  the  evidence  which  has  been  collected  goes  to 
prove  that  the  William  Shakespeare  who  wrote  the  poems  is 
not  the  William  Shaksper  of  the  documents,  the  owner  of  New 
Place.  He  also  considers  the  identification  of  the  poet  with 
Lord  Bacon  as  fantastical  and  without  support. 

SHAKU,  SOYEN,  AT  KAMAKURA.  With  illustration.  O.  C. 
XXI,  123. 

SIGNETS,  BADGES  AND  MEDALS.  Fully  illustrated.  O.  C. 
XIV,  284-300.  At  first,  Christianity  was  but  one  religion  among 
several  that  had  been  imported  from  the  Orient.  Therefore,  it 
is  not  surprising  to  find  Christian  graves  in  the  catacombs 
adorned  with  symbols  that  were  later  to  be  spurned  as  pagan. 
The  illustrations  show  many  Christian  gems,  seals,  medals  and 
decorations  from  the  catacombs  that  bear  a  miscellaneous  as- 
sortment of  symbols — swastika,  chrisma,  solar  disk,  phenix,  Ish- 
thys,  as  well  as  Roman  and  maltese  crosses. 

SIGNIFICANCE  OF  NAMING  THINGS  IN  THE  NUR- 
SERY. O.  C  XIII,  669-672.  See  s.  v.  "Naming." 


174  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

SILO  AM  INSCRIPTION,  THE.  O.  C.  XVII,  662-665.  The 
stone  records  the  completion  of  the  water  tunnel  built  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  Jerusalem  with  water.  It  is  reproduced 
here  and  translated  with  philological  and  historical  explana- 
tions. 

SIMIANS,  RECENT  PHOTOGRAPHS  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XXI,  169-175.  Republished  in  Rise  of  Man. 

SIN  AGAINST  THE  HOLY  GHOST,  THE.  O.  C.  Ill,  1904- 
1905.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

SIXTH  SENSE,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  €.  XXII,  591-596.  The 
faculty  of  prophetic  vision  was  supposed  to  accompany  a  per- 
son who  was  born  with  six  fingers  or  six  toes.  For  this  rea- 
son, Pope  Sixtus  IV  is  represented  with  six  fingers  in  the 
"Sistine  Madonna,"  and  St.  Joseph  is  furnished  with  six  toes 
in  Raphael's  famous  "Marriage  of  the  Virgin."  The  article 
is  illustrated  by  these  famous  pictures  and  their  details. 

SKELETON  AS  A  REPRESENTATION  OF  DEATH  AND 
THE  DEAD.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  620-633.  See  s.  v. 
"Death.'" 

SMITH,  GOLDWIN,  ON  MORALITY  AND  RELIGION.  O. 
C.  V,  2^65-27.38.  See  s.  v.  "Morality,  etc." 

SMITH,  OLIVER  H.  P.,  A  COMPOSER  IN  THE  PULPIT. 
O.  C  XII,  698-699. 

SOCIAL  PROBLEMS.  O.  C.  II,  822.  A  brief  note  on  two 
articles  on  economic  subjects,  in  behalf  of  taxation  on  real 
estate  and  luxuries  in  preference  to  an  income  tax. 

SOCIALISM  AND  ANARCHISM.  O.  C.  V,  2856-2857  Re- 
published  in  Horn,  of  Science. 

SOCRATES,   A   FORERUNNER   OF   CHRISTIANITY.    Illus- 

ited.     O.  C.  XXI,  523-527.     Some   features   of  his   soul  were 

incorporated  into  the  history  of  the   life  of  Jesus,   where   they 

helped  to  build  up  that  great  ideal  of  a  new  era,  the  figure  of 

ist,  which  is  still  exerting  its  power  upon  the  present  age. 

STITIAL  TEMPLES  ACCORDING  TO  LOCKYER.    Illus- 

n™5    A  r          '   2.43-248.     Extensive   quotations    from    The 

Lin?    f  E«     "°my>  m  comment  on  Larkin's  "Waning  of  the 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  175 

SOUL  AN  ENERGY?  IS  THE.  O.  C.  IX,  4362-4365.  Reply 
to  Mr.  C.  H.  Reeve's  article,  "The  Soul  an  Energy." 

SOUL  AND  GOD,  THE  UNMATERIALITY  OF.  Mon.  VIII, 
415-445.  In  reply  to  the  Hon.  Chas.  H.  Chase.  Republished  in 
God. 

SOUL  AND  THE  ALL,  THE.  O.  C.  IX,  4353-4354-  In  answer 
to  Mr.  Geo.  M.  McCrie's  "Imaginary  Experiment,"  in  which 
Mr.  McCrie  follows  Dr.  Lewins  and  his  solipsism. 

SOUL  HUMAN.  O.  C.  Ill,  2003-2004.  Republished  in  Homilies 
of  Science. 

SOUL  IN  SCIENCE  AND  RELIGION.  Monist  XVI,  219-253. 
This  article  is  a  continuance  of  the  criticism  of  Fechner's  view 
of  the  soul,  but  applied  to  movements  of  the  present  time,  such 
as  the  Society  of  Psychical  Research  and  man's  anxiety  to 
prove  the  spirituality  and  immortality  of  the  soul.  St.  Paul's 
view  of  the  spiritual  body  is  discussed  and,  though  pre-scientific 
conceptions  of  the  soul  are  rejected,  it  is  insisted  that  they  are 
as  if  they  were  true.  See  also  "Fechner's  View  of  Life  After 
Death." 

SOUL,  LIFE  AND  THE.  Mon.  XVIII,  192-216.  See  s.  v. 
"Life." 

SOUL-LIFE  AND  THE  PRESERVATION  OF  FORM.  O.  C. 
IV,  2285-2286.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SOUL-LIFE,  CENTRAL  AND  PERIPHERAL.  O.  C.  Ill, 
1938-1941.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SOUL-LIFE,  COMMUNISM  OF.  O.  C.  IV,  2398-2399.  Re- 
published  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SOUL-LIFE,  NATURE  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  Ill,  1926-1929. 
Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SOUL-LIFE  OF  ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
III.  1914-1917.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SOUL  OF  MAN,  SOME  REVIEWS  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2777.  Com- 
ments on  reviews  in  The  Week,  Independent,  Christian  Union 
and  Reform  Advocate. 

SOUL  OF  THE  UNIVERSE.  O.  €.  Ill,  2071-2074.  Repub- 
lished in  Soul  of  Man. 


i76  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

SOUL,  UNITY  OF  THE.  O.  C.  V,  2883-2884.  Republished  in 
Homilies  of  Science. 

SPACE  AND  TIME.  O.  C.  Ill,  1600-1602.  Criticising  Kant's 
definition  of  space  and  time  as  ideal  forms  of  the  thinking 
subject  on  the  ground  that  Kant  confuses  the  words  "ideal" 
and  "subjective."  Though  space  and  time  may  be  considered 
ideal  in  so  far  as  they  are  abstract  conceptions,  yet  space  is 
a  real  property  of  objects. 

SPACE  OF  FOUR  DIMENSIONS.  Monist  XVIII,  471-475- 
Though  tri-dimensional  space  cannot  be  represented  in  two- 
dimensional  space,  it  can  be  indicated  as  is  done  when  a  cube 
is  drawn  on  paper.  By  analogy  the  author  constructs,  with  the 
aid  of  mirrors,  a  corresponding  indication  of  four-dimensional 
space  in  our  three-dimensional  space.  Republished  in  Founda- 
tions of  Mathematics, 

SPACE,  PROBLEM  OF  THE  THREE  DIMENSIONS  OF. 
O.  C.  VII,  3721-3724.  Republished  in  Primer  of  Philosophy. 

SPACIAL  SENSE,  THE.  O.  C.  IV,  2697.  The  origin  of  the 
spacial  sense  was  formerly  interpreted  as  caused  by  the  con- 
vergence of  the  two  lines  of  vision,  which  is  disproved  by  the 
experience  of  one-eyed  persons.  The  simplest  explanation  is 
to  regard  it  as  an  automatically  operating  interpretation  of 
motion-experiences. 

SPANISH  WAR,  A  FEW  SUGGESTIONS  CONCERNING. 
O.  C.  XII,  436-438.  In  the  future  we  should  be  better  prepared 
for  the  emergencies  of  war — both  in  equipment  and  diplomacy. 

SPENCER,  HERBERT.  With  portrait.  O.  C.  XVIII,  1-2.  A 
characterization  of  the  classical  exponent  of  agnosticism  written 
on  the  occasion  of  his  death. 

SPENCER,  HERBERT,  ON  THE  ETHICS  OF  KANT.  O.  C. 
II,  1155-1160;  1165-1169;  Mon.  II,  512-526.  Republished  in  Kant 
and  Spencer. 

SPENCER'S  HEDONISM  AND  KANT'S  ETHICS  OF  DUTY. 
Monist  XVIII,  306-315.  Kant's  position  is  supported  and  ex- 
plained for  those  who  have  the  quite  general  impression  that 
Kant  is  weak  in  his  ethical  position  and  that  Spencer's  hedon- 
ism is  on  firm  ground.  The  author  is  convinced  that,  though 
the  principles  of  hedonistic  ethics  are  favored  by  a  large  num- 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  177 


ber   of  broad-minded   and   serious   men,   its    errors    exercise   a 
baneful  influence  upon  the  rising  generation. 
SPENCERIAN    AGNOSTICISM.    O.    C.    V,    2951-2957.    Mostly 
incorporated  in  Kant  and  Spencer. 

SPINAL  CORD  AND  MEDULLA  OBLONGATA.  Illustrated. 
O.  C.  IV,  2239-2243.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man.  Also  re- 
printed in  Psych,  of  the  Nervous  System. 

SPINNING  DAMSEL,  THE.  Illustration.  O.  C.  XVIII,  568- 
569.  A  reproduction  and  description  of  a  bas-relief  discovered 
by  M.  J.  DeMorgan  at  Susa,  which  is  a  beautiful  specimen 
of  Oriental  art  of  ancient  Persia. 

SPINOZA,  BENEDICTUS  DE.  O.  C.  XX,  439.  English  and 
Dutch  versions  of  Latin  lines  found  under  what  is  almost  a 
contemporary  engraving  of  a  portrait  of  Spinoza.  A  reproduc- 
tion of  the  engraving  forms  the  frontispiece  of  The  Open 
Court,  and  also  of  Spinoza's  Short  Treatise,  where  the  lines 
are  also  republished  in  the  three  languages. 

SPIRIT  OR  GHOST.  Mpn.  XII,  365.  The  existence  of  spirit 
is  accepted,  but  a  belief  in  ghosts  is  disclaimed. 

SPIRITISM  AND  IMMORTALITY.  O.  C.  II,  1360-1362.  Re- 
published  in  Horn,  of  Science. 

STAGE,  A  REFORMED.  O.  C.  XXII,  617-619.  The  desira- 
bility of  an  endowed  theater  which  would  have  no  excuse  to 
pander  to  a  vulgar  taste  on  the  ground  that  lower  class  enter- 
tainment pays  better  than  higher  class. 

STATE  A  PRODUCT  OF  NATURAL  GROWTH.  0.  C.  VIII, 
3944-3948>  3952-3955.  Republished  in  Nature  of  the  State. 

STATE,  AUTHORITY  OF,  AND  THE  RIGHT  TO  REV- 
OLUTION. O.  C.  VIII,  3961-3963-  Republished  in  Nature  of 
the  State. 

STATE  BASED  UPON  REVOLUTION,  THE  MODERN. 
O.  C.  VIII,  3970-3971.  See  $.  v.  "Revolution." 

STATE  EXIST?  DOES  THE.  O.  C.  VI,  3449-345L  Repub- 
lished in  Nature  of  the  State. 

STAUROLATRY.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XIII.  546-558.  Discussing 
the  history  of  cross-worship. 


I78  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

STILL  SMALL  VOICE,  THE.  Mon.  XIV,  194-206.  Repub- 
lished  in  pamphlet  form. 

STONE  WORSHIP.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XVIII,  45-52,  661-686. 
Stone  worship  is  a  very  ancient  form  of  religion,  of  which 
traces  are  found  in  all  nations,  including  the  patriarchal  age, 
recorded  in  the  Bible.  The  present  article  mentions  the  stone 
worship  of  the  Phoenicians,  and  compares  the  Phoenician  Batyl 
to  the  Hebrew  Bethel.  Such  Bethels  or  holy  stones  are  found 
on  many  ancient  coins  or  medals,  many  of  which  are  here 
reproduced.  Jacob's  dream  serves  as  an  illustration  of  the 
religious  spirit  of  these  pagan  views.  Joshua  erected  a  circle 
of  stones.  The  Egyptian  obelisks  correspond  to  the  pillars 
of  the  Solomonic  temple.  Babylonian  kudurrus,  Judean  maz- 
zebas,  the  English  Stonehenge,  and  other  stone  monuments  in 
various  parts  of  the  globe  are  treated  successively. 

STONE  WORSHIP,  COMMENTS  ON:  AN  AFTERMATH. 
O.  C.  XX,  289-294.  Additional  comments  on  the  Caaba,  the 
stone  pillar  called  Lot's  wife,  and  the  modern  ceremony  of 
the  so-called  Ancient  Order  of  Druids,  accompanied  by  illus- 
trations. 

STONE'S  FALL,  THE.  O.  C.  II,  1256.  A  brief  explanation, 
written  in  reply  to  an  article,  "Causes  and  Natural  Laws.'' 
Incorporated  in  Fund.  Prob. 

STRAIGHT  LINE,  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE.  Mon.  XIX, 
402-407.  In  comment  on  Mr.  Francis  C.  Russell's  article,  "A 
Modern  Zeno,"  both  as  regards  his  criticism  of  Lobatchevsky's 
parallel  axiom,  and  his  construction  of  the  straight  line,  which, 
though  claiming  to  utilize  only  the  compasses,  nevertheless  pre- 
supposes the  existence  of  many  straight  lines,  as  will  be 
seen  at  a  glance  from  the  illustrative  diagram. 

STRIKE  OF  THE  HORSES.    O.   C.  VIII,  4275-4277.    A  fable 

is   used   to   illustrate   economical   principles.    Let   everyone   fight 

•  his  rights  by  all  legitimate  means,  but  it  should  be  under- 

ood    that    under    normal    conditions    the    prosperity    of    one 

contributes  to  the  prosperity  of  all. 

STRUGGLE  IN  THE  FAR  EAST.    Illustrated.    O.   C   XVIII, 
^7Ki2'    ?•/    Russ°-Japanese    war    is    held    to    have    been    in- 
evitable.   Fifteen    photographs    illustrate    the    battle    of    Shou 
bnan   Pao. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  179 


SUGGESTIBILITY  OF  CROWDS,  THE.  O.  C.  IV,  2197- 
2200.  Republished  in  Svul  of  Man. 

SUGGESTION  AND  SUGGESTIBILITY.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
Ill,  2032-2036.  Republished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

SUICIDE  BE  JUSTIFIED,  CAN?  O.  C.  V,  2911-2913.  In 
this  article  are  summed  up  the  opinions  of  a  number  of  promi- 
nent men,  clergymen  and  others,  on  the  subject  of  suicide, 
following  upon  a  statement  of  Dr.  Felix  Adler,  that,  at  least, 
in  certain  cases  of  incurable  disease,  suicide  may  be  justifi- 
able. The  editorial  position  also  is  that  we  have  no  right 
to  sit  in  judgment  on  the  man  who  takes  his  own  life;  that 
suicide  should  be  discouraged,  but  that  the  arguments  of  its 
severe  judges  is  neither  humane,  nor  Christian,  nor  religious, 
nor  Biblical. 

SUPERSCIENTIFIC  AND  PURE  REASON.  O.  C.  IV,  2509- 
2511.  Republished  in  Fund.  Prob. 

SUPERSTITION   IN   RELIGION   AND   SCIENCE.    O.   C.   II, 

837-839.    See   s.   v.    "Religion." 
SUPREME  COURT  AND  THE  POST  OFFICE.    O.  C.  XVIII, 

348-350.    With  regard  to  the  adverse  decision  about  the  reduced 

book  rate  in   1904. 

SYMBOLS,  THE  PERSISTENCE  OF.  Illustrated.  O.  C. 
XXII,  391-397-  As  instanced  by  the  double  eagle  and  the 
staff  of  Hermes.  The  former  may  be  traced  to  an  ancient 
Phrygian  monument  at  Boghaz-K6i ;  and  the  latter  is  much 
older  than  Greek  mythology,  and  doubtless  consisted  originally 
of  a  solar  disk  surmounted  by  a  crescent. 

TAOISM.  O.  C.  X,  5155-5157.  Incorporated  in  the  Introduc- 
tion of  Lao  Tze's  Tao-Teh-King. 

TAOISM  AND  BUDDHISM.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XX,  654-667. 
Republished  in  Chinese  Life  and  Customs. 

TAXATION  OF  CAPITAL  DISCOURAGES  THRIFT.  O.  C. 
XVI,  182-183.  On  the  principle  that  the  taxation  of  a  com- 
modity reduces  the  production  of  the  object  more  than  the 
returns  of  the  tax.  The  income  tax  and  single  tax  theories 
are  discussed. 


i8o  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

TEST  OF  PROGRESS.  O.  C.  V,  2915-2917.  Republished  in. 
Horn,  of  Set. 

THANKSGIVING-DAY.  O.  C.  Ill,  1955-  Republished  in  Horn, 
of  Sci.  In  The  Open  Court  it  is  credited  to  C.  P.  Geoffrey, 
a  pseudonym. 

THANKSGIVING  DAY.  O.  C.  XVI,  689-690.  A  few  words 
ir  defense  of  taking  life  to  sustain  life. 

THEOLOGY  AS  A  SCIENCE.  Mon.  XII,  544-567;  XIII,  24- 
37.  Republished  in  God. 

THEOLOGY,  MODERN:  AN  EXPLANATION  AND  JUS- 
TIFICATION. O.  C.  XXI,  684-687.  In  comment  on  Mr. 
H.  F.  Bell's  "Criticism  of  Modern  Theology."  Modern  The- 
ology is  in  a  state  of  transition,  but  its  course  of  development 
is  rapid  enough  and  should  not  be  unduly  hastened. 

THEOLOGY,  PROBLEMS  OF  MODERN.  O.  C.  XXII,  234- 
246.  The  article  discusses  the  following  topics :  "Religion 
based  upon  eternal  truth,  not  on  historical  facts;"  "A  sum- 
mary of  higher  criticism;"  "Christianity  a  child  of  paganism;" 
"Diverse  attitudes;"  "Other  possibilities"  (if  Christianity  had 
not  become  the  world  religion  some  other  religion,  such  as 
Mithraism,  Manicheeism,  etc.,  would  have  assumed  that  place 
and  would  not  have  been  very  different) ;  and  "The  dispersion 
of  the  Jews."  Here  for  the  first  time  the  theory  is  proposed 
that  the  Jews  have  not  scattered  more  than  other  nations, 
but  the  peculiar  phenomenon  of  the  dispersion  is  produced 
by  their  preservation;  while  other  nations  are  assimilated,  Jews 
remain  Jews,  and  this  is  due  to  their  religion,  which  has  been 
a  monotheistic  religion  since  the  days  of  the  Babylonian  exile. 

THEOLOGY,  TENDENCIES  OF  MODERN.  O.  C.  XXII, 
407-411.  In  comment  on  Mr.  Bell's  "Vital  Theology"  and  Mr. 
Kamprneier's  "Importance  of  the  God-Ideal,"  both  of  whom 
agree  in  proposing  to  find  the  only  true  ideal  of  religion  in 
God  himself,  offering  this  as  the  substance  of  a  universal  creed 
in  which  all  could  agree.  Here  the  view  is  held  that,  though 
the  churches  may  grow  to  agree  in  their  belief  as  to  the  main 
facts,  they  will  not  become  uniform  in  their  religious  insti- 
tutions, since  different  temperaments  need  different  expression. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  181 


The  present  tendency  to  a  reaction  against  religious  myths 
will  grow  into  tolerance  when  their  spirit  is  understood  after 
the  letter  is  discarded. 

THEOPHANIES.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XX,  705-712.  Republished 
in  Story  of  Samson. 

THIBET,  THE  FIRST  CHRISTIAN  MISSIONARIES  IN. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XII,  418-435.  See  s.  v.  "Christian." 

THINGS-IN-THEMSELVES,  ARE  THERE?  Mon.  II,  225- 
265.  Republished  in  Surd  of  Metaphysics. 

THIRD  COMMANDMENT,  THE.  O.  C.  XVIII,  502-503.  The 
current  interpretation  of  taking  the  name  of  the  Lord  in  vain 
as  meaning  profanity  or  blasphemy  is  not  generally  agreed  upon 
by  scholars  as  correct.  "In  vain"  probably  should  read  "with- 
out offering  a  sacrifice." 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM,  LORD  KELVIN.  Obituary  note. 
Mon.  XVIII,  151-152. 

THOUGHT-CONCEPTION,  C.  S.  WAKE  ON.  O.  C.  VII, 
3964.  Brief  notes  on  an  article  about  the  origin  of  language 
and  reason. 

THOUGHT— FORMS,  THE  ORIGIN  OF,  Mon.  Ill,  120. 
Suggested  by  an  article  of  Dr.  H.  Potonie,  in  which  the  state- 
ment is  made  that  all  forms  of  thought,  as  well  as  organisms, 
have  originated  in  the  struggle  for  life.  The  following  topics 
are  treated:  Thought-forms  and  the  forms  of  existence,  the 
problem  of  apriority,  conservation  of  matter  and  energy,  causa- 
tion, the  meaning  of  "necessity,"  and  modern  logic. 

THOUGHT,  NATURE  OF.  O.  C.  Ill,  2009-2012.  Republished 
in  Soul  of  Man. 

THREE  CHARACTERISTICS.  0.  C.  XIX,  563-567.  A  Bud- 
dhist formula,  versified  and  set  to  the  music  of  the  Andante 
of  Beethoven's  Seventh  Symphony.  The  prose  formula  is  re- 
published  in  The  Dharma. 

TIDINGS  OF  JOY.  O.  C.  IV,  2643.  Buddhism  and  Christi- 
anity celebrate  the  birth  of  a  Saviour ;  both  are  religions  of 
resignation.  Wherever  a  religion  of  self-denial  has  been 
preached,  it  has  been  a  gospel  of  cheer.  The  religion  of  sci- 


182  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

ence,   while   demanding  self-denial,   does   not   preach    asceticism, 

but/if  their  hearts  are  ready  to  receive  the  gospel,  a  religion  of 

joy  to  rich   and   poor   alike. 
TIELE    ON    BABYLONIAN     MYTHS.    O.     C.     XV,     436-437- 

Professor    Tiele's    opinion    is    quoted    from    his    Babyl.    Assyr. 

Geschichte. 
TOLSTOY,  A  TRIBUTE  TO   COUNT.    O.   C.   XXII,   701-702, 

In  honor  of  his  Soth  birthday.     A  recent  portrait,  with  Tolstoy's 

signature,    furnishes    the    frontispiece. 
TOOL,  THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE.    O.   C.  VII,  3735-3741. 

Republished  as  one  of  the  Philosophical  Pamphlets. 
TRAGEDY    AND    THE    PROBLEM    OF    LIFE.    O.     C.    II, 

II2O-H22.    Republished   in   Fund.   Prob. 

TRAGEDY  OF  A  LONELY  THINKER.  O.  C.  XXII,  744-749- 
A  discussion  of  the  class  represented  by  Dr.  Charles  de  Medici, 
who,  though  a  fine  type  of  man,  wasted  his  life  in  the  pursuit 
of  an  ignis  fatuus  and  died  in  poverty,  of  a  broken  heart. 
Though  equipped  with  considerable  mathematical  knowledge,  he 
was  convinced  that  he  had  squared  the  circle.  The  tragic  ele- 
ment comes  in  when  we  consider  that  a  small  fault,  situated, 
however,  at  the  core  of  a  man's  soul  in  his  false  estimate  of 
his  own  capabilities,  leads  him  along  the  path  to  certain  failure. 

TRAVELING  DURING  A  RAILROAD  STRIKE.  O.  C.  VIII, 
4140-4142.  Description  of  the  author's  experience  in  trying 
to  make  a  hundred-mile  journey;  including  a  report  of  the 
public  opinion  expressed  by  his  fellow  passengers.  The  ulti- 
mate basis  of  all  established  law  is  the  common  will  of  the 
people.  If  labor  unions  represent  the  common  will,  they  can 
dictate  the  law.  We  love  progress,  but  should  beware  of  a 
side-switch  which  endangers  liberty. 

TREASON  AND  REFORM.  O.  C.  VIII,  3971-3972.  Repub- 
lished in  Nature  of  the  State. 

TRINITY,  THE.  O.  C.  XVI,  612-613.  A  brief  summary  of 
the  prevalence  of  the  Trinity-conception  in  all  ages  and  climes ; 
its  persistence  down  to  the  present  is  not  surprising,  because 
of  the  conservatism  belonging  to  religious  matters,  and  also 
because  of  the  natural  foundation  which  it  finds  in  the  facts 
of  life. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  183 


TRINITY,  DOGMA  OF  THE.  O.  C.  X,  4771-4773.  The  He- 
brew word  for  spirit  is  feminine,  and  among  the  Semites,  the 
Holy  Ghost  was  conceived  as  feminine  rather  than  neuter. 
It  became  neuter  among  Greek  Christians,  whose  word  pneuma 
is  of  the  neuter  gender. 

TRINITY  IDEA.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XI,  85-98.  There  are  many 
different  Trinity  concepts,  both  philosophical  and  religious ; 
the  Hegelian,  the  Brahman,  the  Buddhist,  and  some  Christian 
conceptions,  including  mariolatry,  are  treated  here. 

TRUMBULL,  GEN.  M.  M.,  IN  MEMORY  OF.  O.  C.  VIII, 
4145-4147.  Quotations  from  many  letters  of  personal  tribute 
from  friends  at  home  and  abroad. 

TRUTH.    O.  C.  VII,  3596-3597.    Republished  in  Primer  of  Phil. 

TRUTH,  LIVING  THE.  O.  C.  IV  (No.  167),  2589-2590.  See 
s.  v.  "Living." 

TRUTH,  UNITY  OF.  0.  C.  IV,  2501-2502.  Republished  in 
Horn,  of  Sci. 

TYCHISM,  THE  FOUNDER  OF.  Mon.  Ill,  571-622.  See  s.v. 
"Peirce." 

TYPE,  AFTER  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE.  O.  C.  VI, 
3234-3236.  Republished  in  Twelve  Tales. 

UNIVERSAL,  THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE.  O.  C.  V,  3051- 
3052.  A  criticism  of  Dr.  R.  N.  Foster's  "Universal  and  Par- 
ticular." 

UNIVERSE   MORAL?   IS   THE.    O.    C.   Ill,   2050-2051.    Reply 

to  Mr.  Francis  Ellingwood  Abbot. 
UNKNOWABLE,  THE.     O.   C.   I,  667-669.     Partly  incorporated 

in  Fund.  Prob. 

VEGETARIANISM.  0.  C.  XII,  565-570.  It  is  more  important 
how  we  eat  than  what  we  eat,  but  on  the  whole  a  mixed  diet 
is  best.  The  sentimental  objection  to  eating  meat,  if  carried  to 
a  consistent  conclusion,  would  make  all  food  disgusting,  and  the 
use  of  brushes  made  of  bristles  a  sin.  Even  Buddha  did  not 
condemn  meat-eating,  and  Christ  said,  "Not  that  which  goeth 
into  the  mouth  defileth  a  man." 


184  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

VENUS  OF  MILO,  THE.  Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXIII,  257-262. 
Since  art  books  fail  to  give  any  explanation  of  the  history  of 
this  famous  statue,  the  author  here  briefly  recapitulates  the  prob- 
able course  of  events  as  taught  by  the  simple  facts  of  the  statue 
itself,  its  workmanship,  its  mutilated  condition  and  the  place  of 
its  discovery. 

VERA  ICON,  KING  ABGAR  AND  ST.  VERONICA,  THE. 
Illustrated.  O.  C.  XXII,  663. 

VICARIOUS  ATONEMENT,  THE.  O.  C.  Ill,  1502.  Brief  com- 
ment on  Mr.  Wm.  R.  Thayer's  "Aspects,  Christian  and  Human." 

VIOLIN  MUSIC,  A  NEW  SYSTEM  OF  NOTATION  FOR. 
O.  C.,  584-591.  A  suggestion  for  a  system  more  in  accordance 
with  the  construction  of  the  violin  than  the  usual  notation, 
which  was  formed  for  the  piano. 

VITALISM  AND  THE  CONSERVATION  OF  ENERGY.  O.  C. 
Ill,  2047-2049.  Rcpublished  in  Soul  of  Man. 

VOCATION,  THE.  O.  C.  Ill,  2027-2028.  Republished  in  Hom- 
ilies of  Science. 

WAGNER,  RICHARD.  O.  C.  Ill,  1850-1854.  An  account  of  the 
life,  work  and  philosophy  of  the  great  composer 

WAKE,  C.  S.,  ON  THOUGHT-CONCEPTION.  O.  C.  VII, 
3694.  See  s.  v.  "Thought-Conception." 

WATER   OF  LIFE.     With   illustration.     O.    C.    XVII,    112-114. 

A  piece  of  Chinese  sculpture,  whose  interpretation  is  a  parallel 

to  the  story  of  Christ  and  the  woman  of  Samaria. 
WHENCE  AND  WHITHER.     O.  C.  XVI,  74-85.     In  reply  to 

critics.     Republished  in  Whence  and  Whither. 
WIDOWS   TWO   MITES,   THE.     O.   C.   XVII,   352-360.     The 

gospel  story  and  its  Buddhist  parallel. 
WILL,  TH.  RIBOT  ON.    O.  C.  I,  455-458;  487-490.    A  resume 

of  Ribot's  Diseases  of  the  Will. 

WITCH  PROSECUTION.  O.  C  X,  4892-4894.  Republished  in 
Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

WITCH  PROSECUTION,  ABOLITION  OF.  O.  C.  X,  4946- 
4949.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  185 

WITCH  PROSECUTION  AFTER  THE  REFORMATION. 
O.  C.  X,  4941-4942.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

WITCHCRAFT  AND  MIRACLES.  O.  C.  X,  4955-4957.  Re- 
published  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

WITCHCRAFT  AND  THE  RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE.  O.  C. 
X,  4923-4926.  Republished  in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

WITCHCRAFT,  BELIEF  IN.  O.  C.  X,  4883-4885.  Republished 
in  Hist,  of  the  Devil. 

WOMAN,  EMANCIPATION  OF.  O.  C.  V,  2747-2748.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE.  O.  C.  VII,  3822.  Some  advantages 
there  would  be  if  the  privileges  of  the  ballot  were  extended  to 
women. 

WORDS  AND  THEIR  MEANING.  O.  C.  VIII,  4234-4238.  A 
reply  to  Mr.  Ellis  Thurtell,  who  takes  exception  to  the  author's 
including  himself  in  the  phrase  "We  Christians."  The  article 
also  includes  a  definition  of  agnosticism.  See  also  "Names." 

WORLD-RENUNCIATION,  A  MODERN  INSTANCE  OF.  Il- 
lustrated. XIII,  111-117.  Exemplified  in  the  Countess  M.  deS. 
Canavarro. 

WU  TAO  TZE'S  NIRVANA  PICTURE.  O.  C.  XVI,  163-166. 
Republished  to  accompany  the  picture. 

YAHVEH  AND  MANITOU.  Mon.  IX,  382-415.  A  comparison 
of  Yahveh,  the  god  of  the  Semites,  to  Manitou,  the  god  of  the 
American  Indians.  The  parallels  to  the  god  of  nature  are  in- 
teresting and  prove  that  both  represent  a  typical  phase  in  the  de- 
velopment of  worship.  The  Rechabites,  and  later  on  the  Nazirees, 
clung  to  the  original  conception  of  Manitou  longer  than  the 
mass  of  the  people.  They  hesitated  to  use  for  religious  serv- 
ices, hewn  altars,  anything  touched  by  human  hands,  and  even 
objected  to  making  fire  with  flint  or  stone.  They  clung  to  the 
fire  sticks,  let  their  hair  grow,  abstained  from  wine  (as  an 
artificial  product  not  because  it  was  intoxicating),  and  lived  in 
tents,  not  in  houses.  The  American  Indians  had  similar  no- 
tions and  objected,  for  instance,  to  the  use  of  the  plow,  looking 


186  PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE. 

upon  the  white  man's  civilization  as  irreligious  on  account  of 
its  constant  interference  with  nature. 

YAHVEH,  AN  IMAGE  OF.  O.  C.  XXIII,  189-190.  A  brief 
note  on  a  previous  frontispiece  accompanying  Professor  W.  Max 
Miiller's  article,  "The  Semitic  God  of  Tahpanhes." 

YAHVEH,  THE  ORACLE  OF;  URIM  AND  THUMMIM;  THE 
EPHOD  AND  THE  BREASTPLATE  OF  JUDGMENT.  Mon. 
XVII,  365-388.  The  ancient  Hebrew  oracle  of  the  Urim  and 
Thummim  was  not  used  after  the  time  of  Solomon,  but  was 
regarded  with  great  awe  even  by  the  iconoclastic  reformers  of 
the  post-Exilic  period.  The  nature  of  the  Urim  and  Thummim 
was  forgotten,  and  we  may  assume  that  the  descriptions  of  it 
in  the  Priestly  code  are  no  longer  reliable.  We  have  to  fall 
back  on  the  historical  writings  where  the  oracle  is  mentioned 
in  order  to  form  a  correct  idea  of  it.  In  the  present  article,  the 
breastplate  of  judgment  is  referred  to  the  Babylonian  tablet  of 
destiny  and  to  Enmeduranki's  tablet  of  the  mysteries  of  heaven 
and  earth.  The  Urim  and  Thummim,  the  instruments  by  which 
lots  were  drawn,  are  compared  to  the  Chinese  system  of  div- 
ination, the  Yang  and  Yin,  and  attention  is  drawn  to  the  fact 
that  the  Chinese,  too,  have  a  tablet  of  Fuh-Hi  containing  the 
mysteries  of  heaven  and  earth.  Incidentally,  the  ephod  is  de- 
scribed as  a  pouch  which  is  carried  under  the  breastplate  and 
contained  the  Urim  and  Thummim. 

YELLOW  PERIL,  THE.  O.  C.  XVIII,  430-433.  Republished 
for  the  most  part  in  Chinese  Thought. 

YIN  CHIH  WEN,  A  RELIGIOUS  TRACT  OF  CATHAY. 
O.  C.  XX,  259-265.  Republished  in  book  form. 

YOUTH,  THE  PRICE  OF  ETERNAL.  0.  C.  1979-1980.  Re- 
published  in  Homilies  of  Science. 

YULE-TIDE  AND  CHRISTMAS.    0.  C.  II,  1367. 

ZERO  IN  MATHEMATICS,  FUNCTION  OF.  O.  C.  II,  1146- 
1147.  Analogy  of  zero  in  mathematics  to  nothingness  in  logic. 

ZODIACS  OF  DIFFERENT  NATIONS.  Fully  illustrated. 
O.  C.  XX,  458-483.  Republished  in  Chinese  Thought. 


SUMMARIES  OF  ARTICLES.  187 


ZOROASTER'S  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  CHRISTIANITY.  Il- 
lustrated. O.  C.  XIX,  409-417.  The  influence  exercised  by 
Mazdaism  on  Christianity  is  still  seen  in  the  tradition  of  the 
Magi,  who  come  from  the  East  to  greet  the  new-born  Saviour. 
Cyrus,  who  was  called  by  Isaiah,  the  Messiah  of  Yahveh,  was 
friendly  to  the  cause  of  the  Jews  and  influenced  their  religion. 
The  holy  fire  for  incense  was  kept  up  in  the  temple  at  Jerusalem 
at  his  command,  and  it  continues  to-day  in  the  Christian 
churches  as  the  eternal  lamp. 

ZOROASTRIAN  RELIGION  AND  THE  BIBLE.  O.  C.  XX, 
434-435-  Importance  of  the  knowledge  of  Persian  religion  to 
ministers  of  Christianity. 

PUBLISHER'S  NOTE. 

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INDEX 


Abbas  Effendi,  98. 
Abbott,  David  P.,   153. 

Abbott,  Lyman,   in. 

Aberration,    religion  an,    55. 

Abidharma,    the,    68,    93. 

Abnormal,  psychology,  164. 

Abolition,   of  witch  persecution,    184. 

Abortive,  philosophies,  22. 

Absolute,  the,  93;  zero  of  feeling,  14. 

Abstract,  ideas,  93,   176. 

Abstraction,  93. 

Abyssinian,  Queen  of  Sheba,   164. 

Accad,  93.     (See  Akkadians.) 

Accuracy,   scientific,   23. 

Achilles,  spear  cures  its  own  wounds, 

143- 

Acropolis,  the,  93. 
Activity,    pure,    41;    localization    of, 

143- 

Actuality,  5. 

Actualization  of  justice,    140. 

Acvaghosha,  the  great  Buddhist  phil- 
osopher, 76. 

Adler,  Dr.  Felix,  on  justifiable  sui- 
cide, 179. 

Administrative  Nihilism,  Huxley's, 
quoted,  134. 

Aftermath,  an,  stone  worship,  178. 

Age  of  science,  the  advent  of,  9. 

Agnosticism,  refuted,  i ;  fallacies  of, 
33;  Spencer's,  34,  177;  Dr.  Carus 
opposed  to,  52;  satire  on,  92;  R.  G. 
Ingersoll  on,  93;  summaries  of  ar- 
ticles on,  93-94;  journal  of,  132; 
and  monism,  150,  185;  speeches  on, 
167;  salutatory,  170. 

Ahriman,  the  Persian  satan,  145. 


Aim,  of  author,  i,  28;  of  life,  man's 
divinity,  49. 

Ainus,  the,  inhabitants  of  Yezo,  94. 

Akkadians,    the,    Trinity-idea   of,    153. 

Aladdin's  lamp,  childhood's  romance, 
95- 

Alesamenos,  and  "the  spottcrucifix," 
97- 

Aliens  wanted,   95. 

Alliance,  Haeckel's  theses  for  a  mon- 
istic, 131. 

Allegory,  "Nothing  lost  but  dross," 
117. 

Allegiance   of   clergy   to  dogma,    no. 

All,  the,  constitution  of,  20;  re- 
flected in  art,  27;  soul  of,  87,  175 
(see  also  De  Rerum  Nature). 

Alpha  and  Omega,  the,  95. 

Alphabet,   the  Egyptian,    170. 

Alpine  lake,  an,  clearness  of  thought 
and,  23. 

Altgelt,  Gov.,  of  Illinois,  95. 

Ambrose,  St.,   154. 

American,  the,  board  of  missions,  82; 
ideal,  95;  Indian  Manitou-Yahveh, 
185;  railway  union,  116. 

Americanism,  in  the  Roman  church, 
95;  and  imperialism,  121. 

AMITABHA,*    76. 

Amitabha,    outlined,   95. 

Amraphel,     131. 

Anabolism,    17. 

Analogy,  of  the  surd  to  the  irra- 
tional, 35',  theology  to  astrology,  56; 
memory  to  the  phonograph,  161; 
constructing  space  by,  176;  of  zero 


'Titles  of  books  by  Dr.  Paul  Carus  are  printed  in  small  caps. 

189 


igo 


INDEX 


in    mathematics,    to   nothingness   in 

logic,   1 86. 
Ananda   Metteya,   96;    Maitreya,    103, 

144. 

Anarchists,    Chicago,    95-96. 
Anarchism,  96;   socialism  and,   174. 
Anachronism,    dogmatic    idolatry    an, 

«3S- 
Ancestors,    worship   of,    in;    religion 

of  our,   1 66. 

Ancient,  devil-beliefs,  57.  Greece, 
demonology  of,  115. 

Angel  of  Augsburg,  96. 

ANGELUS  SILESIUS,  65. 

Angelus  Silesius,  mysticism  and,  96, 
102,  153.  (Johannes  Scheffier.) 

Animals,  God-conception,  and  soul- 
life  among,  97,  175. 

Annexation,  96. 

Anselm,  St.,   108. 

Anschauung,  96,   160. 

Anthropogenesis,  moral  problems  of, 
49;  of  the  Igorot,  135. 

Anthropogeny,  Haeckel's,  131. 

Anthropoid  apes,  96. 

Anti-vivisection,   immorality  of,  96. 

Antiquity,  the  devil  in,  57. 

Ants,   religion  of,  97. 

Anubis,   97. 

"Anyness"  in  mathematics,  41. 

Apes,  49. 

Apocalyptic   literature,  r  in,   156. 

Apocrypha,   97,    118. 

Apollonius    of  Tyana,  126. 

Apuleius,   89. 

A  priori,  the,  41;  and  heredity,   133. 

Apriority,    problem    of,     181.       (See 

thought-forms.) 
Arbitrary,    150. 
Argument,   97. 
Aristocratomania,    97. 
Aristophanes,    116. 


Armada,    the,    137. 

Arndt,    128. 

Art,  philosophy  of,  27;  mysticism  in, 
65;  oriental,  73;  classical  and  ro- 
mantic, 97;  Buddhist,  103;  Chinese, 
105,  155;  death  depicted  in,  114; 
religious,  133;  modern  Japanese, 
138;  ancient  Persian,  177. 

Articles,  editorial,  summaries  of,  93- 
187. 

Articulates,    155. 

Artificial,  language,  137;  persons, 
natural  and,  160. 

Artists,  and  St  Catharine,  63; 
and  dances  of  death,  114. 

Arts,  congress  of,  at  St.   Louis,    in. 

Aryan  deities,    138. 

Ascent  of  man,  97. 

Asceticism,   133,   181. 

Ashvajit's     stanza,   97. 

Aspects,  subjective  and  objective,  14- 
15;  Christian  and  human,  184. 

Aspirations,  universal,  harmony  of, 
132. 

Assimilation,    17. 

Association    philosophy,    the,    98,    161. 

Assyrian   poems,   98,   136. 

Astray,   Christianity,   how  far,   108. 

Astrology,  and   theology,   56. 

Astronomy,  and  theonomy,  56. 

Atheism,  God  of,   127. 

Atheist,  an,  "who  loves  God,"  55. 

Atman,   the,    103. 

Atmosphere,  intellectual,  9. 

Atoms,  soul,  theory  of,   142. 

Atonement,   vicarious,    184. 

Attention,   38. 

Attitude,  of  mind,  23. 

Auctioneer,  36. 

Augustine,    St.,   64. 


INDEX 


191 


Authority,  state,   177. 
Augustus,  as  a  saviour,   107. 
Autobiography,   spiritual,   88. 
Author's  aim,  28. 
Avatars,  the,  98. 
Awareness,    15-16. 
Awe,   religious,    1 10. 
Axiom,  the,  31,  41,  98. 
Axura,  164. 

Babel  and  Biblt,  131. 

Babism,  98. 

Babylon,    healing    by    conjuration    in 

ancient,    59,   98;     Babylonian  exile, 

1 80. 

Bacon-Shakespeare,    173. 
Bad  " — for  me,  but  worse  for  him," 

99- 

Badges,   pagan-Christian,    173. 
Banking,  99. 
Bartholome,   M.,   115. 
Barrows,   Dr.,  99. 
Basis,  of  ethics,   119. 
Bata,   122. 
Bee,   the,   37. 
Beethoven,   6,    181. 
Beha  U'llah,  98. 
Bel    Merodach,    122. 
Belief,   strictly  criticized,    103. 
Belligerency,    in    Christianity,    99. 
Ben  Midrash,  99. 
Berkeley,  99. 
Bernauer,  Agnes,  99. 
Besant,  Mrs.  Annie,  126. 
Bethel,    178. 
Bhagavadgita,   the,    and    Prof.    Garbe, 

99;   philosophy  of,   131. 
Bible,  the,   Buddhist,   71;   as  an  idol, 

100;  stone  worship  in,  178. 
Biblical  research,  28. 


Biedermann,   Edward,   73,   89. 
Bigelow,    Poultney,    160. 
Billia,  Prof.  L.  M.,  44,  45. 
Biochemical  mental  processes,   164. 
Biology,  of  consciousness,   16. 
Birthday,    Prof.    Ernst     Mach's   7oth, 

144;    Count    Tolstoy's     8oth,     182; 

pagan  saviours'  and  Christ's,   154. 
Blasphemy,   misinterpreted,    181. 
Blessed    is    "he    who    trusts    in     the 

truth,"  54. 

Bliss,  of  a  noble  life,   100. 
Bluntness,    143. 
Bodhisattva,  the,   101. 
Bodington,  Mrs.  Alice,  112,  167. 
Body,  the  resurrection  of,  168. 
Boer  war,   112. 
Boltzmann,    L.,    100. 
Bolyai,   41. 

Bonney,   Charles  Carroll,   100. 
Bonney,   Mrs.   Lydia  Pratt,   100. 
Bookmaking,   91. 
Book,  China's  most  popular  religious, 

83- 

Book  of  Changes,  Chinese,  78. 
Boscoreale,   114. 
"Boundaries,  even,"   42. 
Brain,   37,    101,    133,    143. 
Brahmanism,   Prof.   R.   Garbe  on,  99; 

modern  psychology  and,   100. 
Breastplate,   the,   of  judgment,   186. 
Brewer,   Hon.   Willis,    107. 
BRIDE  OF  CHRIST,  THE,  61. 
Bride  of  Christ,   illustrated,    101. 
Brides,   Olympian,    156. 
Briggs,    heresy  trial,    167. 
Brodrick,    Harold,    a    modern    Christ, 

1 06. 

Buckham,  Rer.  J.  W.,  152. 
Buddha,    "the    sweetest    of     the    pa- 


1 92 


INDEX 


gans,"  70;  summaries  of  articles 
on,  101-103. 

Buddhism,  origin  of,  72;  modern  psy- 
chology and,  100;  relation  to  Chris- 
tianity, 109;  great  moral  maxims 
of,  128;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
101-103;  >n  Japan,  138. 

BUDDHISM  AND  ITS  CHRIS- 
TIAN CRITICS,  71. 

Buddhist,  Goethe  a,  129;  conception 
of  immortality,  136;  formula,  181. 

Budge,  Prof.   £.  A.   Wallis,   170. 

Buechner,  Prof.  L.,   103,   166. 

Burbank,   Luther,    144. 

Burke,   J.    Butler,    148. 

Busch,   Wilhelm,   66,    103. 

Caaba,  the,   103,  178. 

Caligraphy,   Chinese,   79. 

Canavarro,  Countess,  M.  de  S.,  104, 
185. 

CANON  OF  REASON  AND  VIR- 
TUE, 81. 

Capitalists,    workingmen   as,    103. 

Carneri,   Bartholomew,   104. 

Carus,  Dr.  Gustav,   150,  151. 

Carus,  Titus  Lucretius,   87. 

Catabolism,    17. 

Catacombs,    1 14. 

Catalepsy,    143. 

Catharine,   St.,   of  Alexandria,   104. 

Cathay,   186. 

Cathedrals,  Christian  art  in,  115. 

Catholicity,  of  mind,  43;  and  science, 
1 66. 

Cause,  definition,  n,  12;  essay  on, 
29. 

Causality,    104. 

Causation,  31,   104. 

Celestial  language,  the,    104. 

Centennial,  Darwin  and  Lincoln,  113. 


Central  America,  the  cross  in,   113. 

Cerebellum,    104. 

Champ  oil  ion,    170. 

Chandra  Das  Brothers,   104. 

Character,    133. 

Charbonnel,  Abbe,  99,  165. 

Charity,    104,    131. 

Chase,   Hon.   Charles  H.,   175. 

Chastity,    105. 

Chauvinism,    158. 

Ceylon,    103. 

Cherubinean  Wanderer,  153. 

Chiaroscuro,   of  truth,   22, 

Chicago,  31,   121. 

Chicken,  the  question  of  priority, 
105. 

CHIEF'S  DAUGHTER,  THE,  91. 

Children,  47,    105. 

China,  summaries  of  articles  on,  105- 
106,  1 60,  167. 

Chinese,  art,  155;  Book  of  Changes, 
78;  conservatism,  79;  world-con- 
ception, 79;  good  and  evil,  99;  fa- 
bles, 121 ;  classic,  141. 

CHINESE  LIFE  AND  CUSTOMS, 
85- 

CHINESE  PHILOSOPHY,  77. 

CHINESE  THOUGHT,  79. 

Chou  Fu  Tsz,   1 06. 

Chrisma,   106. 

Christmas,  summaries  of  articles  on, 
109. 

Christ,  and  Sampson,  59;  Anubis, 
Scth  and,  97;  and  charity,  105; 
and  Christian,  107;  frauds  and, 
137;  seal  of,  174. 

Christian,  missions  in  China,  80;   sci- 
ence,   107;    gospels  and    Buddhism, 
129. 
Christianity,   a  branch   of  philosophy, 


INDEX 


193 


26;  inevitable,  63;  future  of,  64; 
in  relation  to  Buddhism,  102;  the 
new,  135;  in  Japan,  138;  imported 
from  the  Orient,  173;  oldest  sym- 
bol of,  174. 

Church,  and  state  in  France,  109;  re- 
sponsibility for  the  Inquisition,  136; 
for  the  laity,  a  scientific,  141;  Rus- 
sian orthodox,  170. 

Chrysostum,    St.,    154. 

Circle,  a,  and  dualism,   14. 

Circle-squarer,   the,    109. 

Civilization  and  American  Indian 
legends  of  Manitou,  185. 

Classic,   an   important,   32. 

Clean  money,   109. 

Clearness  and  the  charm  of  haziness, 
no. 

Cleopatra  and  Ptolemy,  170. 

Clement  of  Alexandria,   102. 

Cleveland,   President  Grover,    151. 

Clock  or  the  watches,  the,   no. 

Cogito,  ergo  sum,   135. 

Cognition,  knowledge,  truth  and,  no; 
formal  principle  of,  150. 

Collaborators,  Goethe  and  Schiller,  67. 

Columbian  Exposition,  the,  31. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  no. 

Common  sense  and  scientific  meth- 
ods, 2. 

Communal   life,   46. 

Communism)  of  soul  life,  39,    175. 

Comparisons,  Buddhism  and  Chris- 
tianity, 72. 

Compassion,    maudlin,    96. 

Compulsion,  124. 

Comte  Auguste,  93. 

Conceptions,  of  God,  127;  abstract, 
176. 


Conciliation  of  religion  with  science, 
in,  165. 

Conduct,   the   science   of,   8. 

Confucianism,   in,    138. 

Confusion,  23. 

Congress,  of  philosophy,  31;  of  re- 
ligious societies,  in,  142;  an  ap- 
peal to  U.  S.,  124,  154;  national 
peace,  159;  of  orientalists,  161. 

Conjuration,   healing  by,  59,   132. 

Conscience,  growth  of,  in;  liberty 
of,  142. 

Consciousness,  and  organization,  I2ff; 
new  theory  of,  38;  organ  of,  39; 
summaries  of  articles  on,  111-112. 

Conservatism,    Chinese,    79. 

Consistency,  of  the  cosmos,  4;  log- 
ical, 41. 

Constantine,    106. 

Contracts,  devil,   116. 

Contrasts,  in  the  cosmos,  4;  good 
and  evil  as,  58. 

Controversy,  a,  on  form  and  formal 
thought,  29;  ethics,  44;  agnosticism, 
94;  Briggs  heresy  trial,  167. 

Cook,    Prof.,    127. 

Co-ordination,    and   consciousness,    38. 

Continuity,    of   evolution,    121. 

Converse,  C.  Crozat,   123. 

Convert  to   Buddhism,    103. 

Conway,  Moncure  D.,  a  militant  lib- 
eral, 112. 

Cope,   Prof.   Henry,   144. 

Copernican   world-conception,    no. 

Corner-stone  of  Christianity,   108. 

Corollaries  of  principle,  20. 

Cortex,  the,  a  storehouse  of  memo- 
ries, 39;  and  consciousness,  112. 

Cortez,   148. 

Cosmology,  art,   27. 


194 


INDEX 


Cosmos,  consistency  of  the,  4;  order 
and  ethics  in  the,  119;  omnipresent 
God  in.  151- 

Cosmopolitanism,    125. 

Coxe,  Eckley  B.,  112. 

Crane,  Rev.  Frank,  94. 

Creation  story,  Babylonian,  122; 
Harpax  and  Oneiros,  156. 

Creeds,  and  instincts,  26;  faith  and, 
112. 

Crisis  in  Great  Britain,   112. 

Crispi,   Francesco,    112. 

Criterion,  of  philosophy,  26;  of  eth- 
ics, 112. 

Criticism   of  Kant,   33. 

Critique,  scientific,  and  dogma,  S2f. 

Critique   of  pure   reason,   Kant's,    33. 

Cross,  the,  summaries  of  articles  on, 
112-113. 

CROWN  OF  THORNS,  THE,  89, 
113. 

Crucifix,  the,  animal  sacrifice  and, 
"3- 

Cuba,    113. 

Culture,  ethical,   120. 

Cuneiform   tablets,   122,   132. 

Cur  deus  homo,   108. 

Curtiss,   Prof.   Samuel  Ives,    163. 

Custom   House,    113. 

Cyrus,  and  Mazdaism,  149;  called  the 
messiah,  187. 

Dance  of  death,    114. 

Danger,  hypnotism,   134. 

Darrow,    Clarence,    118. 

Darwin,  Carneri's  Darwinism,  104; 
centennial,  113. 

DAWN  OF  A  NEW  RELIGIOUS 
ERA  AND  OTHER  ESSAYS,  52. 

Death,  existence  after,  21;  summar- 
ies of  articles  on,  113-114. 


Decadence,  senile,   147. 

Deeds,  good  and  evil,  99. 

Defects,  in  psychology,  13;  in  phil- 
osophy, 25. 

Definition,  differences  in,  153;  of  re- 
ligion and  science,  165. 

Deity,  Samson,  a  solar,  59;  Brah- 
man idea  of,  76;  names  of  days, 
138. 

Deluge  legends,   115,   122. 

Demonology,  mediaeval  and  modern, 
57  ff;  summaries  of  articles  on,  115. 

De  Morgan,  M.  J.,   177. 

De  novo,  scientific  thought,  9. 

DE  RERUM  NATURA,  poem  on  the 
world  problem,  83,  113. 

Descartes,    135. 

Design  in  nature,   115. 

Destiny,    186. 

Determinism,    115. 

Deussen,   Dr.   Paul,  36. 

Devil,  prehistoric  and  modern,  57, 
115-116-117. 

Dewey,   Prof.   John   W.,   136. 

Dhammapada,   the,    103. 

DHARMA,  THE,  68. 

Dharmapala,    116. 

Differentiation,    18. 

Dilettantism,    116. 

Dimensions,  spaciai,  42,  176. 

Dionysus,    130. 

Diplomacy,    176. 

Disasters,  9. 

Disciple  of  Nietsche,   135. 

Discoveries,    effect    of,    116. 

Discussion,  on  ethics,  119;  on  mathe- 
matics, 41. 

Disease,  of  politics,  116;  of  philos- 
ophy, 147;  of  memory,  169. 

Dispersion,  the,  139,   180. 


INDEX 


195 


Dissolution    and  memory,    146. 

Destructive,  criticism,   115. 

Diversions,   mathematical,  124. 

Divination,  Oriental,  99. 

Dixon,    Edward,    145. 

Dogmas,  and  error,  26-27;  Christian 
spirit  opposed  to,  51  >  obsolete,  108; 
review  on,  116;  of  Christian  res- 
urrection, 1 68;  of  the  Trinity,  182. 

Dogs,  crucifixion  of,  in  ancient  Rome, 

"3- 

Dolls,   Japanese    festival   of,    116. 
Doomsday,   118. 
Double  symbol,   116;  personality,  117; 

unity,   150. 
Dreams,    117. 
Droeshout,    173. 
Druids,    178. 
Dualism,    150,    159. 
Du   Bois-Reymond,  49. 
Duty,    27. 

Eagle,    the   double,    116. 

Easter,    117. 

Eberlein,   Gustav  H.,    128. 

Eckhart,    102. 

Economy  of  thought,  4,  5. 

Editorial  articles,  summaries  of,  93- 
187. 

Edmunds,    A.    J.,    101. 

Education,  and  guidance,  47;  and 
mathematics,  145;  music  in,  152. 

EDWARD'S   DREAM,   66. 

Efflorescence,   the   highest  mental,    13. 

Ego,  the,  nature  of,  43;  summaries 
of  articles  on,  117;  Des  Cartes  and, 
135- 

Egypt,  conceptions  of  death  and  im- 
mortality in  ancient,  113,  118,  136; 
stone  worship  in,  170. 


Eine  Kleine  Hutte,   140. 

Election,    the    McKinley,    118. 

Electricity,  animal,  118. 

Element,  in  philosophy,  the  myste- 
rious, 35;  in  Christianity,  the  pagan. 
109,  157. 

Elgin,   Lord,   93. 

Emblems,   prehistoric,    124. 

Emotionalism,    Nietsche's,    135. 

Energy,  the  objectivity  of  events,  5; 
mind  not  a  storage  of,  148;  spelled 
with  capital  E,  171;  is  the  soul  an, 

175- 

England,   liberty-loving,    137. 

Enlightenment,    religion    of,    102. 

Enmeduranki,    186. 

Entheism,  54. 

Epics,  solar,  60;  of  China,  80;  Baby- 
lonian, 126. 

Epictetus,   1 08. 

Epigenesis,   49. 

Epigrams  of  Goethe,   129. 

Equipment,    Spanish  war,    176. 

Equivocation  in   dogma,   52. 

Eros,    1 1 8. 

EROS  AND  PSYCHE,  89. 

Error,  26;  of  Kant,  33;  vainglorious 
prophets  of,  46;  in  freethought, 
124;  consoled,  112;  of  identifying 
soul  and  ego,  117. 

Eschatology  of  Christian  art,   118. 

Esperanto,    118. 

Essence  of  the  Dharma,  119. 

Eternity,  a  hymn  on,  119;  and  in- 
finitude, 136. 

Ethics,  basis  of,  45;  Chinese  maxims 
and,  85;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
119-120;  and  formal  thought,  124; 
of  Kant,  H.  Spencer  on,  the,  140; 
science  and,  171. 


INDEX 


Ethical  Culture,  Chicago  Society  of, 
44,  54;  Confucian  ideals  of,  138. 

ETHICAL  PROBLEM,  THE,  44. 

Ethnology  of  the  word  God,  54. 

Ethos  Anthropoi  Daimon,  motto  of 
the  Open  Court,  120. 

Eucharists,  pre-Christian,   124. 

Eucken,   Prof.   Rudolph,   102. 

Euclid,   43. 

European  opinions  on  religious  par- 
liaments, 167. 

Eusebius,    102. 

EVANGELIUM  BUDDHAS,  DAS, 
69. 

Events,  to-day's,   120. 

Evil,  idea  of,  in  antiquity,  57;  in 
early  Christianity,  120;  for  evil, 
render  not,  168. 

Evolution,  of  scientific  thought,  10; 
of  truth,  20-21;  and  moral  triumph, 
49;  summaries  of  articles  on,  120- 
121. 

Exile  of  the   Jews,   180. 

Existence,    two    aspects   of,    38. 

Expansion,  summaries  of  articles  on, 
121. 

Experience,  principles  derived  from, 
31;  the  Primer  of  Philosophy,  121; 
and  objective  existence,  150;  mo- 
tion, 176. 

Explanation,    by   principle,    19. 

Exposition,   St.   Louis,   94. 

Expository  Times,   163. 

Extension,  Religious  Parliament,   167. 

Fables,   Chinese,   106,    121. 

Facts,    established   by    science,    16;    a 

religion  based  on,    165. 
Factors  of  scientific  truth,  3. 


Faculty,  intellectual,   148. 
Fagging  in  mediaeval  universities,  132. 
Fairy    tale,    sweetest    Greek,    90;    ele- 
ment in  the  Bible,    121;   summaries 
of  articles  on,   121-122;  in  religion, 
1 66. 
Faith,  and  doubt,  122;   Goethe's,  129; 

Haeckel's,   131. 
Fallacies,    of    the    peacemakers,    159; 

of  the  agnostic  position,   172. 
False  estimate  of  capabilities,   182. 
Fate,    distinguished     from     necessity, 

154;  of  Zeus,  163. 
Father  Hennepin,  91. 
Fatherland,  the,  special  articles  on 

Germany,    122. 

Faust,    Goethe's,   significance  of,    129. 
Fawcett,   Edward   Douglass,    169. 
Fechner,    Gustav    Theodor,    44,    123, 

I7S- 

Feeling,  a  product  of  organization, 
i8ff;  summaries  of  articles  on  the 
origin  and  nature  of,  123. 
Festivals,  Chinese,  86;  of  dolls  in 
Japan,  116;  of  the  Resurrection, 
169. 

Field,   H.    M.,   94. 
Filial   piety   in   China,    123. 
Filipino   question,    123. 
First  steps,   children's,  47,    123. 
Flag,  hymn,   123;  the  American,   125. 
Folklore,   the   devil  in   mediaeval,    58; 
in   poetry,    122;   Sampietro,   a    tale 
of   Chinese,    171. 
Food,  sacramental,  123. 
Force,    and    causation,    124;    in    rela- 
tion   to    gravity,    145. 
Forerunner,   the,  of  sensation,   19. 
Form,  and  the  formal  sciences,  3,  41; 
and  philosophy,  5;  and  immortality. 


INDEX 


197 


21 ;    and    formal    thought,    29,    30, 
124. 

Forms-in-themselves,    1 1. 

Formula,  a  generalized  fact,  2,  4;  a 
Buddhist,  181. 

FOUNDATIONS  OF  MATHEMAT- 
ICS, THE,  40. 

Foundations  of  mathematics,  philo- 
sophical, 145. 

Fourth  gospel,  the,   129. 

Frank,   Dr.    Karl,    132. 

Franklin  squares,   124,   145. 

Frauds,  in  spiritualism,  146;  as  the 
Christ,  1 06. 

Freedom,  of  will,  12;  immortality, 
God,  and,  127. 

Freethought,  and  the  Bible,  100;  he- 
roes of,  124. 

Friar,  the,  a  song,  124. 

French,   Daniel   C.,   115. 

FRIEDRICH  SCHILLER,  67. 

Friendship,    international,    137. 

Fulfilment,  science  conies  as  the,  124. 

FUNDAMENTAL    PROBLEMS,    29. 

Future,  the,  philosophy  of,  8;  of 
Christianity,  64;  religion  ot,  166, 
167. 

Fylfot,   124. 

Galilei,    Galileo,    125. 

Gandhi,    R.,    107. 

Garbe,  Prof.  Richard,  99. 

Gauss,  41. 

Gentile,  the,  in  early  Christianity, 
139- 

German,    classical    period,    6;    topics, 
summaries   of  articles  on,    125-126; 
mystics  quoted,   153. 
Gerhard,  a  Swedenborgian,   126. 
Genius,   of  founders  of  Chinese  civil- 


ization, 77;  of  death,  114;  and 
playful  instruction,  125. 

Geoffrey,  C.  P.,  pseudonym  of  Dr. 
Carus,  1 80. 

Geometry,  philosophy  of,  40;  founda- 
tions of,  125. 

Geomancer's  compass,  79. 

Ghosts,  summaries  of  articles  on,  126. 

Ghost  crab,   the,  99. 

Gifts,  Christmas,   109. 

Gilgamesh  and   Eabani,   126. 

Gill,   W.  J.,   150. 

Gissac,    F.    de,    126. 

Gladstone,   Hon.   W.   E.,  94. 

Gnosticism,  pre-Christian,  64,  108, 
126,  127,  139. 

Gobineau,  Count,  127. 

God,  idea  of,  purified,  28;  soul  of  the 
universe,  40;  incarnate  in  man,  49; 
of  Buddhism,  76;  animal  concep- 
tion of,  97;  oriental  personal,  98; 
speaks  in  experience,  100;  sum- 
maries of  articles  on,  1276*;  as  om- 
nipresent order,  151. 

GOD,  AN  ENQUIRY  INTO  THE 
NATURE  OF  MAN'S  HIGHEST 
IDEALS  AND  A  SOLUTION  OF 
THE  PROBLEM  FROM  THE 
STANDPOINT  OF  SCIENCE,  55. 

God-ideal,  Kampmeier's,   180. 

God  of  Iron,  the,  a  hymn,   128. 

Gods  of  Japan,  jolly,   138. 

GODWARD,    88. 

Godward,   a  hymn,    128. 

Goethe,  6,  38,  68,  109,  150,  172; 
summaries  of  articles  on,  128-129. 

GOETHE  AND  SCHILLER'S  XEN- 
IONS,  66-67. 

Golgotha,  113. 

Golden  age  and  the  Christ-ideal,   107. 


198 


INDEX 


Good    and    evil,  problem   of,    129. 

Gospel  of  cheer,  181. 

GOSPEL  OF  BUDDHA,  69. 

Gospels,  historical  nucleus  of  Chris- 
tian, 1 08;  Christian  and  Buddhist, 
129;  cause  of  their  success,  139- 

Grasshopper,   130. 

Grassmann,  Prof.,  41. 

Gravitation,  Le  Sage's  theory  of,  145. 

Greed,  Chinese  dunning  devil  of,  117. 

Greek,  mysteries,  religion,  mythology 
and  art,  130;  sculptors  in  India,  77. 

Greeley,  Frederick,  118. 

Grief  at  unbelief,    130. 

Gros,  M.  Johannes,   164. 

Gunkel  vs.   Delitsch,   131. 

Gunning,   Prof.   W.   D.,   131. 

Gutzlaff,   Charles,    102. 

Haas,    Rev.    Hans,    109. 

Hades,    114,    118. 

Hacckel,  Ernst,   Prof.,   127,   131,    J$o. 

Hallucinations,  38,  117. 

Hamlet,   the   Hindu,   131. 

Hammurabi,    131. 

Harmony   of  the   spheres,    132. 

Harnack,  Adolf,   132,   166. 

Harper,    Pres.  William  R.,   132. 

Hard  times,   131,   146. 

Hastings,    Rev.   James,    56. 

Haweis,   Rev.,    168. 

Haziness,  23,   no. 

Hazing,    132. 

Healing,    by    conjuration,    in    ancient 

Babylon,   132. 
Hebert,   Marcel,    163. 
Hedonism,   92,   95,    133,    140,    176. 
Hegeler,    Edward   C.,   161. 
Hegeler,  Gisela,   133. 
Hegeler,  Mrs.  E.  C.,  133. 


Henism,  133,   149. 

Heracles,   60. 

Heraclitus,    120,    133. 

Herder,  Prof.,  6. 

Heredity,    spiritual,    43,    133. 

Heresy,    132,    152,    167. 

Hermes,    179. 

Hering,    Prof.    Ewald,   18,    146. 

Herodotus,    105. 

Heroes   of   freethought,    124. 

Hewavitarne,    133. 

Hieroglyphs,   170. 

Higher  criticism,   168,   180. 

Hinduism  and  Theosophy,   134. 

Historical   movements,    26. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  DEVIL,   THE, 

57- 

Hobbes,  47. 
Hobgoblin,   149. 
Hoffding,    Prof.    H.,   44,   45. 
Hokusai,    134. 
Holland,  F.  M.,  44,  45. 
Holmes,    C.    J.,    134. 
Holtzmann,   Heinrich  Julius,    134. 
Holy,   edict,    Chinese,    134;    fire,    187; 

Ghost,    174,    182;   office,   the,    125. 
Holyoake,   G.   L.,   134. 
Homeopathy,    143. 
HOMILIES  OF  SCIENCE,  50. 
Hopkins,    Prof.    E.   Washburn,    102. 
Horns  and   hoofs,    58. 
Horses,  strike  of  the,   178. 
Human   soul,   the,    175. 
Humanity,   higher,   133. 
Hume,   n. 
Humor,  and  philosophy,   66;   Chinese, 

86. 

Humorist,   a,   161. 
Hunger    after   righteousness,    134. 
Huxley,   119,   134. 


INDEX 


199 


Hymns,   88,    101,    123,    136,   166. 

Hypnotism,   38,    134. 

Hypocritical  allegiance  to  dogma,  no. 

Iconoclasm,    135. 

Icons,    170. 

IDEA  OF  GOD,  THE,  54. 

Idea-worshipper,    135. 

Idealism,  Berkeley's,  99;  in  modern 
philosophy,  135. 

Ideas,  living,  19;  preservation  of,  31; 
good  and  evil  as  religious,  129; 
summaries  of  articles  on,  134. 

Identity,  of  self,  117;  in  change,  135. 

Idol,  the  Bible  an,  100. 

Idolatry  of  dogmatists,    135. 

Ignis   fatuus  of  circle   squarers,    182. 

Ignorance,  94,   135. 

Igorot,  the,   135. 

Illiberal,   the,    142. 

Illusions,  of  Hedonism,  45;  of  re- 
ligion, no. 

Ilo,  1 1 8. 

Image  worship,    135. 

Immanent,   God  is,    151. 

Immorality,  philosophic  principle  of, 
135;  Nietsche  on,  155. 

Immortality,  instinctive,  21;  racial, 
37;  not  fiction,  43;  Buddhist,  75; 
Goethe  on,  129;  summaries  of  arti- 
cles on,  136;  science  and,  172. 

Immutable,    168. 

Impetus,   the   individual  an,    136. 

Imperialism  in  America,  121. 

"In  Vain,"  181. 

Independence,    creed    of    science,    56. 

Indonesian    legend,   136. 

Indians,  N.  A.,   112. 

Individualism,   46. 

Infinite,  the,  136. 


Ingersoll,  R.  G.,  93. 

Injunction,  Plato's,  41. 

Inquisition,  the,   57,   136. 

Inscription,  Mesha's,  146;  Siloam, 
174. 

Instruction,  ethical,  119-120;  playful, 
137. 

Intellectual  surd,  the,  35. 

Intelligence,   consciousness  and,   39. 

International,  stearing  96;  friend- 
ship, 125,  137;  pasigraphy,  158. 

Intrinsic  necessity,    13. 

Investigation,  scientific,  and  common 
sense,  2,  4. 

Ireland,  Archbishop,  95,  170. 

Irreligion,  156. 

"Is,"  the,  and  the  "ought,"   137. 

Islam,  151. 

Ish tar's  Descent  to  Hell,  98,  122. 

"It  thinks,"  137. 

James,  Prof.  William,  137,  148,  161, 
162. 

Janes,   Dr.   Lewis  G.,  94. 

Japan,  art,  97;  dynasty  wars,  99; 
Buddhism,  102;  summaries  of  arti- 
cles on,  138-139. 

Java,  legend  of  Jesus,   136. 

Jenkins,    Richard,    138. 

Jesuits,    the,    169. 

Jesus  Christ,  the  pleroma,  63;  pagan- 
Christian,  109;  cross  of,  113;  per- 
sonality, 139. 

Jew,  the,  in  early  Christianity,  109; 
dispersion  of,  139,  180. 

Jodl,  Prof.  Friedrich,  36,  44,  45,  139, 
166. 

Johnston,  Charles,   139. 

Joliet,   visit  to,  96,    139. 

Joseph,   story  of,   122. 


200 


INDEX 


Joshua,   178. 
Jubilate,  139. 
Judaism,    64. 
Judson,  H.  D.,   140. 
Julian,  the  apostate,  108. 
Justice,    criticism    of    Spencer's   book 
on,   140. 

Kabala,    126. 
Kamakura,    101,    173. 
Kamo  No    Chomei,  140. 
Kan   Ying  P'ien,    140. 
K'ang-hi,     134. 

Kant,     Immanuel,     and     Hume,     n; 
prophet  of  form,  22;  his  philosophy, 
32;   ethics,   33;    and    Spencer,    120, 
176;     duty,     133;    evolution,      140; 
summaries   of  articles  on,    140;   his 
terms   confused,    176. 
KANT  AND  SPENCER,  33. 
KANT'S  PROLEGOMENA  TO  ANY 

FUTURE   METAPHYSIC,  32. 
KARMA,   73. 

Karma,  Tolstoy's  translation  of,  74; 
law  of,  and  monism,  103;  in  song 
and  story,  140. 

Kelvin,  Lord,  William  Thomson,  140. 
Key  to  world  problems,  24,   169. 
Kheiralla,   I.    G.,  98. 
King  Death,   114. 
Kipling,    Rudyard,   76. 
Kirchoff,   Prof.   G.   R.,   104,    140. 
Knowledge,    141. 
Koerner,  Gustav,  141. 
Kopetsky,    Olga,   92. 
Kudurrus,   Babylonian,   178. 

Labarum,    106. 

Labor,  curse  or  dignity  of?  141; 
the  Pope's  encyclical  on,  162. 


Language,   international,    137,    157. 

Lane,   Charles  Alva,   87. 

Lanman,   Prof.,    101. 

Lao-Tze,    a   great   moral   teacher,    81; 

maxims  of,   132;  summaries  of  arti- 
cles on,    141. 

LAO-TZE'S  TAO-TEH  KING,  81. 
Larkin,   174. 
Latin   literature,   87. 
Laubadiere,  105. 
Laufer,   114. 
Laughing,   141. 
Laws,  of  nature,    12;  of  ethics,    119; 

moral,  141. 

Lay  church,  a,   141,    142. 
Leaders,   Russo-Japanese,   138. 
Legend,     religious,     89;     Indian,    91; 

deluge,   115;   resurrection,   118,   168; 

homeopathy,    143;    Indonesian,    136; 

creation,   156. 
Leo  XIII,  Pope,  162. 
Lessing,    5. 
Lethargy,   142. 

Letter,  and  spirit,  27;  Greek  r,   156. 
Lewins,  Dr.  R.,  44,  45,  127. 
Liars,   143. 

Liberal  religion  and  thought,   142. 
Liberty  and  nationalism,    142. 
Lie,   the  useful,   162. 
.Life  After  Death,  Fechner's,  44. 
Life,  the  struggle  for,   142,  175. 
Lincoln,   Abraham,   centennial,   113. 
Literary    discussion,   ethics  of,    143. 
Literature,    Chinese,   85,    106;    "storm 

and  stress,"  109. 
Littre's,    143,    162. 
Living  the  truth,  143. 
Llano,  Antonio,  120. 
Lobatschevsky,  41,  178. 
Logic,  nothingness  and  zero  in,   186. 


INDEX 


201 


"Logos,  the,"  24,   148. 

London,  Parsees  of,  148. 

Lonely  thinker,  a,   182. 

Loof-Haeckel,   131. 

Looking  forward,    143. 

Lord's  prayer,  143;  Lord's  sacra- 
ment, 126. 

Lore,   Christian  legend,   61. 

Lost  Manuscript,  Freytag*s  novel, 
M3- 

Lot's  wife,   122,   178. 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  at  St. 
Louis,  in. 

Love,  and  immortality,  115;  Deme- 
ter's  glorification  of,  132;  of  truth, 
religion  and,  167. 

Low,  Canon  George,   127,   143,  168. 

Loyson,   Pere  Hyacinthe,   128. 

Mach,  Prof.  Ernst,  5,  36,   144. 

Maddock,   John,    44,   45. 

Magi,  187. 

Magic,    Evans'    Old    and   New,    144; 

squares,   mathematical,    144. 
Ma  ha- Bod  hi,    society,      101;     Journal, 

103. 

Mahayana,   144. 

Maitreya,   Ananda,   96,    103,   144. 
Malay,   119. 
Man,    a    worker    and    a    thinker,    25; 

oneness  of  nature  and,  144. 
Manichaeism,    149. 
Manila,   137. 

Manitou,   Yahveh   and,    185. 
Marcus  Aurelius,    108. 
Marduk,   122. 
Mariolotry,    183. 
Marlowe,    116. 
Marriage,  144. 
Martin,  Rev.  Alfred,   167. 


Master  of   Akka,    the,   98. 

Materialism,  errors  of,  145;  monism 
and,  150. 

Mathematics,  philosophical  basis  of, 
41;  God  of,  42;  diversions  and 
magic  squares,  124,  144,  145;  the 
old  and  the  new,  156. 

Matriarchy,   122. 

Matter,  an  empty  word,  5;  and  grav- 
ity, 145- 

Maxims,  Chinese,  85. 

Mayors  of  Illinois,  two,   120. 

Mazdaism,    145,    149,    186. 

Mazzebas,    178. 

McCrie,   George  M.,    168,    172,   175. 

McGregor,  Allan,    103. 

McKinley,   William,    144. 

McVeagh,   Franklin,    118. 

Middle  ages,  spirit  of,  9. 

Milieu,   religious,  89. 

Mill,  John  Stuart,   154. 

Mills,    Prof.    L.   H.,   148. 

Mind,  noetic  operations  of,  25;  power 
of,  and  Christian  Science,  107;  is 
God  a,  127;  reading  in  the  nursery, 
149;  summaries  of  articles  on,  148- 
149. 

Minot,  Prof.  Charles  S.,  in,  149. 

Minton,   Rev.   H.   C.,    128. 

Miracles  and   witchcraft,    185. 

Missions,  Christian,  107,  109. 

Missionaries,  Christian  and  pagan,  72, 
149. 

Mithras,   108,   145,  149. 

Mivart,  Prof.   George,  121. 

Mecca,   103. 

Mechanical  philosophy,  150,  154. 

Medals,    173. 

Medhurst,    146. 

Medium,   an   ex-,    146. 


202 


Medici,  Dr.  Charles  de,  146,  182. 

Mediaeval   Christian   literature,    103. 

Medulla  Oblongata,  JJ7- 

Meliorism,  9. 

Memory,  definition,  16;  nerve  activ- 
ity, 18;  soul-builder,  19;  organized 
substance,  146;  mechanical,  the 
phonograph,  161;  Ribot,  169. 

Memorial   customs  in  Japan,   138. 

Mental,  biochemical,  phenomena,   164. 

Mene  tekel,  146. 

Mer-monkey,  the,   146. 

Mesha,   146. 

Message,  of  Buddhism  to  Christianity, 
102;  of  Monism  to  the  world,  151. 

Metabolism,    16,   21. 

Metaphysical,  questions,  10-11,  34; 
"x"  in  cognition,  no,  147. 

Metaphysics,  the  surd  of,  35;  purged, 
36;  Buddhist,  95;  a  vicious  habit 
in,  147;  Von  Gizycki's  statement, 
165. 

Metchnikoff,  Elie,  147. 

Method,   2,   3. 

Methology,  7. 

Mexico,    148. 

Moderation,  Chinese  sermon  on,   in. 

Modesty  of  agnosticism,  94. 

Moltke,   Trostgedanken,   149. 

Monastic    orders,    169. 

Money,  clean,   109. 

Monier-Williams,    Sir    Monier,    102. 

MONISM  AND  MELIORISM,  29. 

Monism,  a  unitary  world-conception, 
4,  93!  criticized  by  Minot,  in;  its 
definition  of  feeling,  123;  Goethe's, 
129;  Haeckel's,  131;  hedonism  and, 
133;  message  of,  147;  actualization 
of,  149;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
149-151;  no  dilemma  in,  150. 


Monist,  the,  39,  44,  65,  151. 

Monk,   China's   dunning   devil,   117. 

Monogamy  and  free  love,  50,  151. 

Monotheism,    145,    180. 

Monroe  Doctrine,    151. 

Montgomery,  Dr.  James  Alan,  171. 

Monuments,  to  death,  115;  prayers 
on,  136;  Moabite  stone,  146;  sum- 
maries of  articles  on,  151. 

Moore,  George,  disciple  of  Nietsche, 
i3S- 

Morality,  the  letter  and  the  spirit, 
27;  pursuit  of  pleasure  not,  45; 
Chinese,  80;  test  of,  92;  Goldwin 
Smith,  151;  moral  ought,  151;  and 
nature,  154;  Von  Gizycki's  state- 
ment, 165. 

Moribund,   Buddhism  not,   102. 

Morning   Glory,   the,    151. 

Mote,   the,  and  the  beam,   151. 

Mother,    a,   48. 

Motion,  and  feeling,  23;  in  infinite 
directions,  42;  nothing  in  physical 
life  but,  152;  motion-experiences, 
176. 

Motto,  Dr.  Cams',  30;  the  Open 
Court,  120. 

Motor-organisms,    16. 

Moxom,    Dr.,    129. 

Mozart,  6. 

Murato  Tanryo,   141. 

Music,  summaries  of  articles  on,  152. 

Must,  the,   157. 

Mud-puddles  and  mysticism,  23. 

Mueller,  Prof.  F.  Max,  36,  121,  152, 
170,  1 86  (see  also  Muller). 

Muhammad,   151. 

Multiplication  table,    168. 

Multitude,  the,  26. 

Munsterberg,  Prof.  Hugo,  125. 


INDEX 


203 


Myazda,  126. 

Mystery,  of  mysteries,  the,  56;  plays, 
Greek,  130. 

Mysterious   beetle,    the,    152. 

Mystic,  traditions  in  religion,  61; 
marriage  in  art,  61-62;  number  IT 
156. 

Mysticism,  and  pragmatism,  8;  at- 
tractive, 23;  and  the  a  priori,  41; 
sentiment  in,  65;  dangerous,  152. 

Mystifications,  unexplained,   153. 

Myth,  and  history,  60,  134;  in  Egypt 
and  Chaldea,  121. 

Mythology  of  Buddhism,  102. 

Names,  days  and  deities,  138;  Chris- 
tian, Christianity,  153. 

Napoleon,  153,  172. 

Nara  Buddha,  101. 

Naram-sin's  stele,   153. 

Nativity,  the,   153. 

Nature,  all,  living,  21;  Goethe's  phil- 
osophy of,  129;  oneness  of  man 
and,  144;  of  mind,  148;  alive?  154. 

NATURE  OF  THE  STATE,  THE, 
46. 

Natural,  laws  and  causes,  104;  science 
and  ethics,  119;  selection  of  soul- 
atoms,  142. 

Naval  Academy,  U.   S.,   154. 

Nazarenes,  89. 

Neanderthal  man,   the,  49. 

Necessity,  basis  and  scope  of,  154; 
C.  S.  Peirce  on,  159. 

Need  of  philosophy,    161. 

Nelson,    Murry,    118. 

Nero,    107. 

Nervous  system,  the,  purpose,  16; 
consciousness,  38;  vertebrates,  154; 
articulates,  155. 


Nescience,   agnosticism,    I ;   philosophy 

of,  34;  God  of,  55. 
Nestorious,  155. 

New   Testament,   Eucharist,    124;  Ger- 
man critic  of,  134;  authorities,   139. 
New  wine,   155. 

New  Year's  Eve,  meditations,  99;  his- 
tory of,    155. 
Newman,  Cardinal,  57. 
Newport,   David,   93. 
Newton,   Isaac,    172. 
Newspaper,   the   ideal,    155. 
Ney,   Elisabet,   155,   171. 
Niagara  Falls,  legend  of,  91. 
Nietsche,   Frederick,   135,   155. 
Nike  Apteros,  93. 
Nile,   the,    158. 
Nilsson,    144. 
Nineteenth  Century,   club,   New  York, 

107;   demonology  in   the,    115. 
NIRVANA,   75- 
Nirvana,   and    Karma,    140;    Buddhist 

psychology,    155. 
Nobel,  Dr.  Alfred  B.,  155. 
Noetic,    25. 
Noire,  Ludwig,  149. 
Nomenclature,   32,   160. 
Nomotheism,   56,   138. 
Norms,  24. 

North  China  Herald,  press  notice,  82. 
Norway,    155. 

Nothingness,   in   logic,    186. 
Notions,   Chinese,  77. 
Notovitch,   Nicolas,   137. 
Number    »•     in    Christian     prophecy, 

156. 

Nun,    a   pagan,    158. 
Nursery,  the,  mind-reading  in,  149. 
Obelisks,    178. 
Obituary,    Wilhelm   Busch,    103;   Eck 


204 


INDEX 


ley  B.  Coxe,  112;  F.  de  Gissac, 
127;  W.  D.  Gunning,  131;  Mrs.  E. 
C.  Hegeler,  133;  Gisela  Hegeler, 
133;  Lord  Kelvin,  140,  181;  Gus- 
tav  Koerner,  141;  William  B.  Me- 
Kinley,  144;  Elisabet  Ney,  155; 
Otto  Pfleiderer,  160;  Major  Powell, 
162;  George  John  Romanes,  170. 

Objective,  the,  domain  of,  14;  cri- 
terion of  ethics,  112. 

Obscene,  phallic  worship  not,  105. 

Occultism,  Chinese,  79,  106;  in  math- 
ematics, 145;  and  the  meaning  of 
quality,  164. 

Old  philosophies,  i. 

Old  Testament,  98,    122,   149. 

Old  and  new,   145,    156. 

Olympian   brides,    156. 

Omar  Khayyam,   172. 

Omnipresences,  laws  of  nature,  24; 
order  as  God,  151. 

Omniscient,  if  we  were,   12. 

One-eyed  persons,  spacial  sense  of, 
176. 

Oneiros  and  Harpax,  156. 

Oneness,  of  man  and  nature,  144;  of 
the  phenomenal  and  the  noumenal, 
1 60. 

Ontology,   7,-  156. 

Open  Court,  The,  29,  30,  56,  95,  99, 
107,  112,  121,  127,  131,  166,  177, 
1 80. 

Open-door   policy,    105. 

Order,   God  as  omnipresent,   151. 

Organization   and    feeling,   38. 

Orient  the,  world  religions  of,  98. 
173;  art  in,  177. 

Origin,  of  Christianity,  109;  of  mind, 
149;  of  thought- forms,  181. 

Originality,   itch  for,   30. 


Ornament,  evolution  of,  121,  157. 
Orphic,  songs,   130;  mosaic,   157. 
Orthodoxy,  the  new,   52,  99;   the  em- 
peror's,   1 1 8. 
Osiris,    in. 
Ostwald,  Prof.,   157. 
"Ought,"  the,  and  the  "is,"  137,  157. 
OUR  CHILDREN,  47. 
OUR  NEED  OF  PHILOSOPHY,  31. 

Paganism,  anticipated  Christianity, 
64;  summaries  of  articles  on,  157- 
158;  of  northern  Europe,  166. 

Pain,  39,   158,    161. 

Painting,  27. 

P'a-lek,    158. 

Pali,   101. 

Pan-bio tism,    -logism,    -psychism,    158. 

Pan-malaya,   160. 

Parable,    158. 

Parallelism,  in  psychology,  14;  in 
reality,  15. 

Parallels,  pre-Christian,   126,   143. 

Parenthood,    158. 

Parliament  of  religions,   31,   69,    100. 

Parousia,  130. 

Parsees,    148. 

Parthenon,   the,  93. 

Particularity,  41. 

Parties  in  philosophy,  politics  and 
religion,  160-161. 

Pasigraphy,  137,   158. 

Pasteur,    147. 

Pathology,  of  Christ  pretenders,  106; 
of  the  egoless  man,  117. 

Patriotism,   158. 

Paul   of  Tarsus,   89. 

Peace,  summaries  of  articles  on,  158- 
iS9. 

Pearson,   Prof.,    159. 


INDEX 


205 


Pechvogel,  John,   159. 

Peirce,  Charles  S.,  154,  159. 

Peking,   78. 

Pelasgians,  the,  93. 

Peripheral  soul-life,   175. 

Persian  dualism,   159. 

Personal    equation,    and    pragmatists, 

8;  philosophy  of  the,  161,  163. 
Personality,    double,    38;    human,    43; 

continues  after  death,   123;  of  God, 

127.    159;  of  Jesus,   139. 
Persons,  natural  and  artificial,  160. 
Pessimist,    Chandra,  the,    104;    Schop- 
enhauer,  171. 
Petrarch,    160. 
Phagocytes,  148. 
Phallic  worship,   105. 
Phenomena  and  noumena,    160. 
Pfleiderer,   Dr.    Otto,    160. 
Philippines,  the,  95,  105,  135,   160. 
Philo,   24. 

Philology,   and   monism,    149;   and  ar- 
tificial languages,    160. 
PHILOSOPHICAL        PAMPHLETS 

THREE,    31,    182. 
Philosophy,  objective,   i;  scope  of,   7; 

of  form  and  the  nature  of  God,  1 1 ; 

of    Buddhism,    102;    Chinese,    106; 

in    Japan,    138;     mechanical,     154; 

parties,    160;   summaries   of  articles 

on,    161-162. 

Philosopher,   a,   not  one-sided,   25. 
PHILOSOPHY  AS  A  SCIENCE,    i 

et.   seq. 

PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE  TOOL,  31. 
PHILOSOPHER'S      MARTYRDOM, 

THE,  92. 

Philosophische   Monatshefte,   87. 
Phoenicians,    178. 
Phonograph,   161. 


Phosphorescence,  118. 

Pictures,  Buddha,   101;   Nirvana,  155. 

Piety,   filial,    103. 

Pithecanthropus,  the,   161. 

Plants,   soul-life  in  animals  and,   175. 

Plato,  24,  41,  132,  161. 

Pleasure,    39,    158,    161. 

Pleiades,  the,   173. 

PLEROMA,  THE,  63. 

Pleroma,  the,  a  fulfilment,  63;  Chris- 
tianity as,  1 08. 

Pneuma,   183. 

.foems,  and  the  world  conception,  27; 
Assyrian,  97;  philosophical,  113,  129. 

Poetry,  Buddhist,  68,  103,  125;  Chi- 
nese, 85;  philosophical,  87. 

Politics,  McKinley-Bryan,  161;  par- 
ties in  philosophy,  160. 

Polychrome   Bible,  the,   161. 

Polytheism,  Goethe's,   129. 

Pompeian  fresco,  a,   122. 

Pons,   the,    104. 

Pope,  the,  Leo  XIII,  162;  Sixtus  IV, 

174- 

PORTFOLIO  OF  BUDDHIST  ART, 
HISTORICAL  AND  MODERN, 

73- 
Positivism,     Comte's,    93 '.    Berkeley's, 

99;    the    new,     120;    Littre's,     143; 

from     metaphysicism    to,     147;     vs- 

gnosticism,    162. 

Possible,  is  religious  truth?   167. 
Postal  service,   162,    179. 
Potentialities,  of  form,  24;   of  things, 

162. 

Potiphar's  wife,   122. 
Potonie,  Dr.  H.,   181. 
Powell,    Major,    162. 
Pragmatism,  8,   137,   162,   163. 


206 


INDEX 


Pragmatology,  and  the  science  of  con- 
duct, 8. 

Prajnaparamita,    163. 

Prang,  Louis,   163. 

Prayer,   the  Lord's,    143- 

Pre-Christian   Christians,    1 08. 

Pre-existence,    163. 

Preliminary  statement,  a,  29. 

Pre-scientific,    soul-conceptions,    175. 

Presbyterian,   a,    163. 

Present  age,  27. 

Press,  the  scientific,   116. 

Pretenders,  Christ,   1 06. 

Priestly   code,    186. 

PRIMER  OF  PHILOSOPHY,  31. 

Primitive,  religion,  90;  man,  163. 

Priority,  society  or  the  individual, 
46;  the  chicken  or  the  egg,  105. 

Principle,  the,  of  the  soul,  19;  of  the 
formal  sciences,  31;  of  radical  con- 
servatism, 26;  of  cosmic  order,  55; 
of  ethics,  119;  of  monism,  149. 

Pro  Domo,  163. 

Problems,  wrongly  formulated,  10; 
central,  of  religions,  43;  of  evil, 
57-58;  Chinese,  105;  each  solution 
creates  new,  135;  one  principle  for 
all,  in  monism,  150;  social,  174;  of 
three-dimensional  space,  170;  of 
modern  theology,  180. 

Professors  in  German  universities, 
125. 

Profundity,  apparent,  23. 

Progress,  test  of,  20,  179;  religion  of, 
163,  166;  of  religion,  167;  side- 
switches  of,  182. 

Prometheus  and  Zeus,  163. 

Propagation,  sex,  37. 

Prophecy,  Virgil's  fourth  eclogue, 
107;  number  f  in  .Christian,  156. 


Prophets,  Goethe,  6;  Kant,  22; 
Schiller,  6,  36,  171. 

Prosody,   classical,  67. 

Prospect  of  religion,  167;  retrospect 
and,  169. 

Prosperity,    178. 

Proto-Semitism,   163. 

Prototypes,  pagan  and  Christian,  60, 
61,  114. 

Prudentius,    114,    154. 

Prussia,  liberty  of  conscience  in,   142. 

Psyche,  the,  17-18. 

Psychical  phenomena,   13,    16,  37. 

Psychical    Research,    Society   of,    175. 

Psychologists  and  the  ego,  117. 

Psychology,  importance  of,  12  ff;  ex- 
perimental, 37,  40;  Buddhist,  74- 
75,  100;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
164;  Ribot's,  169. 

Psycho-physics,  questions  of,  144,  164. 

Public  schools,  ethics  in,  119. 

Pulpit,  the,  Christian,  50;  agnosticism 
in,  94;  a  composer  in,  no. 

Pure  forms  in  mathematics,  145. 

Puritan  spirit,  61. 

Purpose,  author's  main,  10;  unity  of, 
28. 

Quality,  6-7,   164. 
Quatrain,    Goethe's,   58. 
Queen  of  Sheba,    164. 
Quintessence,    mental,   43. 

Rabbi  Hirsch,  40. 

Railroad  strike,   a,    164. 

Rainbows,    164. 

Rationalism  in  the  nursery,  164. 

Ratzel,    164. 

Reaction  against  materialism,  45. 

Reality,    two    aspects    of,    14;    of   the 


INDEX 


207 


devil,   59;    mind  and,    165. 
Realization  of  truth,  20. 
Reason,    n,    165. 

Reason  and   Virtue,   Canon  of,   141. 
Reasons  are  simultaneous,  12. 
Recognition,  process  of,  19. 
Recollection,  loss  of,  117. 
Recondite      sources,     80. 
Records,    174. 
Reeves,    127. 
Reflex  motions,  165. 
Reformation,  the,  57,   137,  184. 
Reliability  of  science,  i. 
Religion,    its    rival,    25;    comparative 
study  of,   26;   of  science  and   Bud- 
dhism,  102,   103;  in  China,   105;  in 
art,   114;   in  fairy  tales,   122;  great- 
est non-Christian,  165;  and  monism, 
149,   150;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
165-166;   rational   inquiry  into,   166. 
RELIGION  OF  SCIENCE,  THE,  53. 
Religious  parliament,  52,   165,  167. 
Religious  problems,   31;    and   psychol- 
ogy,   39;    the   grandest   of    all,    44, 
167. 
Representation,    by    feelings,    39;    of 

death,  115;  without  taxation,  168. 
Resignation,   166. 
Response  and  retribution,  140. 
Responsibility  and  free  will,   39,   124; 

of  God,    128. 

Retrospect  and  prospect,  169. 
Resurgam,  168. 

Resurrection,      Egyptian     terminology 
for,    1 1 1 ;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
168-169;  a  hyperhistorical  fact,  168. 
Revelations,    of    an    ex-medium,    146; 
New    Testament    xii,    xix,    157;    in 
Reviews  of  Soul  of  Man,   175. 
Revival  of  Buddhism,  102. 


Revolution,  the  right  to,  46,  169;  the 

state  based  upon,  177. 

science,    169;    of   science,    religious, 

171. 

Rhymes,    65. 
Ribot,   Th.,    146,   169. 
Riches,   mental,    19. 
Riddle  of  the  universe,  10,  169. 
Riemann,  41. 

Riggs,  James,  D.   D.,   168. 
Righteousness,   hunger  after,  50,   134. 
RISE  OF  MAN,  THE,  49- 
Rituals,  cruel,  91;  change,   135. 
Rival  of  Christianity,   149. 
Robertson,  John  M.,   157. 
Roman    church,     St.     Catharine,    61; 

Jesuit,    169. 

Romance  of  childhood,  95. 
Romanes,  Prof.  George  John,  52,  121, 

170. 

Rome  and  science,   170. 
Rosary,    143. 
Rosetta   Stone,    170. 
Rosmini,    170. 
Ross,   W.    Stewart,   132. 
Rousseau,  47. 
Royer,  Clemence,   120. 
Russell,  F.  C,  150,  178. 
Russian  Icons,    170. 
Russo-Japanese  war,    178. 

SACRED  TUNES  FOR  THE  CON- 
SECRATION OF  LIFE,  88. 

Saints,  Augustine,  102;  Anselm,  108; 
Catharine,  61;  Joseph,  174;  Paul, 
108,  118,  139,  175. 

Salter,   William  M.,   44-45,   118. 

Salutatory,  summary  of  Open  Court 
principles,  170. 

Samaritans,   171. 


208 


INDEX 


Sameness,  principle  of,   19. 

Sampietro's  Mother,  75.   »7«« 

Sampson,  59,  171. 

Sanskrit,  121. 

Santa  Claus,   47,  171. 

Sarcophagi,  90. 

Satire,  Goethe's,  36;  on  agnosticism, 
92. 

Saviour,  equivalents  for  the  word, 
107;  pre-Christian,  157;  birth  of  a, 
181. 

Scavengers,  body,  147,  148. 

Science,  present  age  of,  a  ff;  of 
sciences,  35;  God  of,  55;  immor- 
tality and,  136;  religion  of,  166; 
summaries  of  articles  on,  171-172. 

SCIENCE  A  RELIGIOUS  REVE- 
LATION, 31. 

Scheffler,  Johannes,  65,  171.  (An- 
gelus  Silesius.) 

Schiller,  Friedrich,  a  prophet,  6,  36; 
philosopher,  67;  verses,  137;  drama- 
tist, 171. 

Schilling,  George,   118. 

Schleiermacher,    165. 

Schneider,    Sasha,    165. 

Scholarornania,    171. 

Schopenhauer,   171. 

School,    171. 

Scott,   F.   H.,    118. 

Scotus  Erigena,   102. 

Script,  Chinese,   106. 

Scriptures,  of  Buddhism,  69,  103; 
canonical,  89,  156. 

Sculpture,  Greek-Buddhist,  130,  184. 

Seal  of  Christ,  172. 

Seances,    146. 

Secret  societies,  Jesuit,  Mussulman, 
170. 

Secularism,    134,   172. 


Self,    Max   Mueller's  theory   of,    152; 

meaning  of,    172. 
Self-discipline  and   Christian   Science, 

107. 

Self -resignation,    Christian    and    Bud- 
dhist,   172. 
Semites,   93. 
Seneca,    108. 

Senile  decadence,  147. 
Sensation,    Mach's    terminology,    144; 
and  memory,   146,   172. 

Senses,  the  psychical  and  physiologi- 
cal, 17;  limitation  of,  172. 

Sentiency,  phenomena  of,  14;  how 
developed,  19. 

Sentiment,  in  religion,  25-26;  pre- 
Christian,  in  China,  82;  Buddhist 
Christian,  107. 

Sermons,  by  a  man  who  believes  in 
science,  50. 

Seth,   97. 

Seven,  Jolly  Gods  of  Japan,  138;  sa- 
cred number,  173. 

Sex,  ethics,  50,   173;  theory  of,  37. 

Seydel,  129. 

Seymour,   Rev.  W.  W.,   113. 

Shakespeare,    173. 

Shaksper,   William,   173. 

Shaku,  Rt.  Rev.  Soyen,  75,  129,  173. 

Shankara,    100. 

Shaw,   George  W.,  60. 

Sheol,   98. 

Shimonoseki,   99. 

Shipman,    Paul    R.,   94. 

Signets,    173. 

Significance,  of  music,  152;  of  naming 
things,  173. 

Silent,   death  is,    115. 

Siloam,    174. 

Simians,   174. 


INDEX 


209 


Simon    Magus,   126,  139. 

Simplicity,    22,    23. 

Sin,  against  the  Holy  Ghost,  174. 

Sinologists,  80. 

Sixth   sense,    174. 

Skeleton,  the,  representative  of  death, 
114,  174. 

Sketch    (see   foreword). 

Smith,  Gold  win,   174. 

Smith,  Rev.  Oliver  H.  P.,  123,  124, 
174. 

Socialism,   96,    174. 

Society,  or  the  individual?  46. 

Society  of  Psychical  Research,  175. 

Socrates,    174. 

Sokal,  Edward,   169. 

Solar,  heroes,   60;   symbol,    125. 

Solipsism,    151. 

Solstitial    temples,    174. 

Somnambulism,    142. 

Sonata,    life  a,    152. 

Songs,  27,    109,    152. 

Soul,  form,  n;  origin  and  nature  of, 
37,  431  double,  117;  Goethe,  129; 
immortality,  136;  summaries  of  ar- 
ticles on,  175-176. 

SOUL  OF  MAN,  THE,  37. 

Source,  of  activity,  21;  of  gospels, 
129. 

South   Africa,    112. 

Space,  pure,  mathematical,  physiologi- 
cal, 41 ;  summaries  of  articles  on, 
176. 

Spanish   War,    176. 

Speculation,  idle,  78. 

Spcncerism,   94. 

Spencer,  Herbert,  on  progress,  20; 
Kant,  34;  metaphysics,  99;  Hedon- 
ism, and  Kant's  ethics,  133;  Justice 


reviewed,  140;  summaries  of  ar- 
ticles on,  176. 

Spenser,  Edmund,   n. 

Spinal  cord,    177. 

Spinning  damsel,  the,   177. 

Spinoza,  Benedictus  de,   177. 

Spirit,   feminine  gender,   182. 

Spiritism,   and   immortality,    136,    177. 

Spiritualism,  ghosts,  126,  135;  frauds, 
146;  monism  opposes,  150. 

Spontaneity,    154.      (See  necessity.) 

Spontaneous    religious  beliefs,   107. 

"Spottcrucifix,"  the,  97. 

Stage,  reformed,    177. 

State,  the,  superpersonal,  46;  Phil- 
ippines, 105;  clean  money,  109; 
Am.  Railway  Union,  116;  expan- 
sion, 121 ;  religious  conferences, 
167;  revolution,  169;  a  natural  po- 
litical product,  177. 

Starr,   Prof.    Frederick,    94. 

Statue,   embodiment,   27;    of   Buddha, 

101. 

Staurolatry,    177. 

Stead,   W.   T.,    126. 

Steele,  G.  M.,  99. 

Stein,    Ludwig,    163. 

Still  small  voice,  the,  177. 

St.   Louis  Exposition,  94,   in,   135. 

Stockwell,    C.    T.,    120. 

Stonehenge,    178. 

Stone  worship,  Caaba,  103;  Rosetta, 
107;  Stonehenge,  178. 

Stone's   fall,  the,    178. 

Stories   of   Buddhism,    73. 

"Storm  and  Stress,"  in  German  lit- 
erature, 109;  in  Christianity,  126. 

STORY   OF   SAMSON,   THE,    59. 

Straight  line,  the,  42,   178. 

Strange  case,   a,    153. 


210 


INDEX 


Stray   shots,    159. 

Striate  body,  the,  39. 

Strikes,  of  the  horses,  178;  side 
switches  of  progress,  182. 

Struggle,  ethics  of,  119;  of  pre-Chris- 
tian religions,  157;  in  the  far  East, 
178. 

Stumbling  block,  in  philosophy,  a,  35. 

Suala,  98. 

Subliminal,    38. 

Substance   and   form,   5. 

Suffrage,  woman's,    185. 

Suggestibility  of  crowds,   178. 

Suggestion,   hypnotic,    179. 

Suicide,   justifiable?   is,    179. 

Sui  generis,  vitality,    16. 

Sumerians,    153. 

Summaries,  of  books,  29-93;  of  arti- 
cles, 93-187- 

Summero-Accadians,   57. 

Sunday,     108. 

Sunset   Club,    118,    121. 

Super-personal    God,  the,    127,    138. 

Superscientific,  and  pure  reason.   179. 

Superreal,  the,  24,  42. 

Superstition,  in  religion  and  science, 
'65,  179;  in  modern  liberalism,  170. 

Supreme  Court  and  the  P.  O.,  162, 
179- 

Sutta  Nipata,   103. 

Surd,  the,  in  philosophy,  34;  in 
mathematics,  35. 

SURD  OF  METAPHYSICS,  THE, 
34- 

Surrogates,   55. 

Survey,  a  systematic,  31. 

Suzuki,    Kwasong,    75. 

Suzuki,    Teitaro,    83. 

Swastika,    124. 

Swedenborgian,    126. 


Symbolism,  Christian,  135;  pre-Chris- 
tian, 157. 

Symbols,  pragmatic  tendency  of,  20; 
dogmas  as,  26;  Chinese,  77;  of  all 
religions,  113;  double  eagle,  116; 
vary,  religion  remains,  135;  old,  in 
new  sense,  156;  seal  of  Christ,  172; 
persistence  of,  179. 

Sympathy,  international,  8;  reader's, 
28. 

Symphony,  an  embodiment,  27. 

Symposium,  occultism  in  mathemat- 
ics, 143. 

Synonyms,  mind  and  spirit  not  al- 
ways, 148. 

T'AI-SHANG-KAN-YING  P'lEN,  83. 

Tao  Teh  King,   141. 

Taoism,    1 79. 

Tathagatha,  76. 

Tax  theories,  income,  174;  single,  179. 

Taxation,  representation  without,  168; 
of  capital,  179. 

Teacher,   a  great  moral,  81. 

Teleiosis,    130. 

Teleology,    31. 

Telepathy,    129. 

Telephus,    143. 

Temptation  of  Buddha,    101. 

Tendencies,  modern  scientific,  147. 

Tenets,    Buddhism,   68. 

Terminology,  Kant's  hard,  33; 
Haeckel's,  131. 

Terms,  confusion  of,  n;  Egyptian 
resurrection,  in;  psychology,  164. 

Test,  of  philosophy,  14;  of  progress, 
163,  179. 

Text  book,  for  the  mentalist,  40; 
of  Buddhism,  70-71;  Chinese-Eng- 
lish, 83. 


INDEX 


211 


Tidings  of  Joy,    181. 

Tiele,   Prof.,   182. 

Time,   176. 

Tiridates,    107. 

Thalmic  region,  the,   101. 

Thanksgiving  Day,    180. 

Theater,   177. 

Theist?    Dr.  Carus  a,   137. 

Theology,  and  astrology,  56;  sum- 
maries of  articles  on,  180. 

Theonomy  and  astronomy,  56. 

Theophanies,   181. 

Thophilus,    165. 

Theory  of  self,   Max   Mueller's,    152. 

Theosophy,   134. 

Thibet,  first  missions  in,  107,  181; 
skeleton  dance,  1 14. 

"Thingishness,"   actuality,   5. 

Things-in-themselves,  do  not  exist, 
ii ;  the  surd  in  philosophy,  34  ff; 
Schiller's  verse  on,  36;  tiie  prob- 
lem of,  181. 

Third   Commandment,    181. 

Thoburn,  J.  M.,   107. 

Thomson,  William,  Lord  Kelvin,   181. 

Thought,  organ  of,  3 ;  is  monism  a 
terminus  of?  149;  summaries  of 
articles  on,  181. 

Three   characteristics,    181. 

Thrift  and  taxation,   179. 

Thumann,   Paul,  90. 

Thurtell,  Ellis,  94,  127,  149,  185. 

To-day,    120. 

Tolerance,     162. 

Tolstoy,  Count,  commends  Karma, 
74;  8oth  birthday,  182. 

Tool,   the,   philosophy  of,   31,    182. 

Topics,   philosophical,   29. 

Trace,   i.    e.,   image,    19. 

Tradition,     Cardinal    Newman,   56-57, 


conservative,  60;  apocryphal,  89; 
Queen  of  Sheba,  164. 

Tragedy,    182. 

Transfigured,   history,  by  myth,   34. 

Transcendentalism,  modern,  33. 

Transient,    bodily   existence,    24. 

Transition,  in  modern  theology,  period 
of,  1 80. 

Translation,    71,    84. 

Traubel,    Horace    L.,    119. 

Traveling,   during  a   strike,    182. 

Treason  and  reform,  182. 

Trigrams,    79. 

Trilogy,  Buddhist,   77. 

Trinity,  the,  a  universal  conception, 
182. 

Trumbull,   Gen.   M.   M.,    118,   183. 

Trusts  and  Unions,  epic  of  two 
monsters,  126. 

Truth,  once  true,  always  true,  4;  of 
immortality,  22;  verified,  50,  53; 
living  it,  143;  possible?,  is  re- 
ligious, 167;  summaries  of  articles 
on,  183. 

Twelve   Tales,    159. 

Tychism,   159,   183. 

Type,   183. 

Ultimate  cause,   11. 

Unbelievers,   50. 

Uniqueness,  pure  space,  41. 

Unity,  of  purpose,  28;  church,  Chi- 
cago, 139;  of  souls,  176;  of  truth, 
183. 

Universal,  maxims,  130;  peace,  155; 
writing,  158;  religions,  167;  creed, 
180;  philosophy  of  the,  183. 

Universality  of  God,   54. 

Universe,  the,  soul  of,  39-40,  175; 
moral?  183. 


212 


INDEX 


Universities,  German,   125. 
Unknowable,    god    of    nescience,    55; 

is  anything  in  causation?  104;  The, 

183. 
Unmateriality,    of   the    soul,    128;    of 

God,    175. 

Untenable,    52,    151. 
Urchin,    street,   23. 
Urim  and  Thummin,   1 86. 
Utility  and  evolution,   121. 
Utopian,     questions    of    labor,     104; 

international   language,    118. 

Value  of  mysticism,  153. 

Vedantism,   139. 

Vegetarianism,  Christ's  words,   183. 

Venezuela,  the  Monroe  doctrine  and, 
151- 

Venus  of  Milo,    183. 

Vera    Icon,    184. 

Verse,  Schiller,  36. 

Vestigia,   18. 

Via   Appia,   97. 

Vicarious  atonement,  pre-Christian, 
1 08,  184. 

Vicious,  habit  in  metaphysicism,   147. 

View,  bird's-eye,  77. 

Vinegar,   and   bigotry,   66. 

Violin   notation,    152,    184. 

Virgil,  107. 

Virgin,  vestal,   158. 

Virtue  and  morality,   151. 

Vitalism,   questions  of,   37,    184. 

Vitality,  a  phenomenon,  16;  conserva- 
tion of,  184. 

Vital-theology,   Mr.    Bell's,    180. 

Vivisectionists,   96. 

Vocation,   the,    184. 

Vocke,    William,    137. 

Vogt,    I.    G.,    161. 


Voter,   the  irresponsible,    168. 
Von  Gizycki,  Prof.,   165. 

Wagner,   Richard,    184. 

Wake,   C.    S.,    181,    184. 

Wakeman,  T.  B.,   103. 

Ward,  Prof.  Lester  F.,  148. 

Water  of  life,  a  Chinese  sculpture, 
184. 

Weber,   Dr.   William,    108. 

Weimar,  Goethe  museum  in,  128. 

Wheel,   the,   and  the  cross,   113. 

WHENCE  AND  WHITHER?  43, 
184. 

White   corpuscles,    147,    148. 

Widow's  Two  Mites,  Buddhist  para- 
ble, 184. 

Wilkinson,  Mr.  W.  E.  Ayton,  in, 
156,  159- 

Will,  freedom  of,  39;  Th.  Ribot  on, 
184. 

Wise  and  foolish,  poem,  94. 

Witch  persecution,  93;  religion  of 
science  and,  166;  abolition  of,  184; 
summaries  of  articles,  184-185. 

Withrow,    Rev.   W.    H.,    126. 

Witness,  God's  works  his  own,  70. 

Woman,  of  Samaria,  the,  184;  eman- 
cipation of,  185. 

Womanhood,   ideal,   62. 

Woodcuts,    fifteenth   century,    114. 

Words,  147,  183. 

Work  of  the  Open  Court,  169. 

Worship,  image,  135. 

World,  folk-lore,  89;  religions,  two 
great,  102;  language,  Ostwald's 
theory,  157;  parliament  of  reli- 
gions, 167;  renunciation,  modern 
instance  of,  185. 


INDEX 


213 


World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Chi- 
cago, 1893,  102,  125. 

World-conception,  of  Monism,  4;  in 
art,  27;  the  basis  of  ethics,  45; 
Chinese,  77;  Copernican,  no. 

World-order,  incarnate  in  motes  and 
in  men,  20;  reason  an  echo  of  the, 
49- 

World  Problem,  the,  poem  on,  87. 

Worms,   nervous  systems   of,    155. 

Wu  Tao-tze,  106,  155,  185. 

"X,"  in  cognition,   147. 

Yahveh,  wars  of,  122;  Manitou,  185; 
summaries  of  articles  on,  185-186. 


Yama,  God  of  Death,   114. 

Yang  and  Yin,   186. 

Yellow  peril,  the,   186. 

YIN  CHIH  WEN,  84,   113,   186. 

Youth,   price   of  eternal,    186. 

Yule   Tide,   109,   186. 

Zero,  of  feeling,  14;  in  mathematics 
and  logic,  186. 

Zeus  and  Prometheus,  163. 

Ziggurat,    173. 

Zodiac,  the,  and  solar  heroes,  60;  of 
all  nations,  79-80,  186. 

Zoroaster,  contributions  to  Chris- 
tianity, 1 86;  to  the  Bible,  187. 


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